Haig D
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jun 25;93(13):6547-51. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6547.
A "green beard" refers to a gene, or group of genes, that is able to recognize itself in other individuals and direct benefits to these individuals. Green-beard effects have been dismissed as implausible by authors who have implicitly assumed sophisticated mechanisms of perception and complex behavioral responses. However, many simple mechanisms for genes to "recognize" themselves exist at the maternal-fetal interface of viviparous organisms. Homophilic cell adhesion molecules, for example, are able to interact with copies of themselves on other cells. Thus, the necessary components of a green-beard effect -- feature, recognition, and response -- can be different aspects of the phenotype of a single gene. Other green-beard effects could involve coalitions of genes at closely linked loci. In fact, any form of epistasis between a locus expressed in a mother and a closely linked locus expressed in the fetus has the property of "self-recognition." Green-beard effects have many formal similarities to systems of meiotic drive and, like them, can be a source of intragenomic conflict.
“绿胡子”指的是一种基因或一组基因，它能够在其他个体中识别自身，并将益处导向这些个体。一些作者隐含地假定了复杂的感知机制和复杂的行为反应，他们认为绿胡子效应不太可能存在而不予考虑。然而，在胎生生物的母胎界面存在许多基因“识别”自身的简单机制。例如，同嗜性细胞黏附分子能够与其他细胞上的自身拷贝相互作用。因此，绿胡子效应的必要组成部分——特征、识别和反应——可能是单个基因表型的不同方面。其他绿胡子效应可能涉及紧密连锁位点上的基因联盟。事实上，母亲中表达的一个位点与胎儿中紧密连锁的位点之间的任何形式的上位性都具有“自我识别”的特性。绿胡子效应与减数分裂驱动系统在形式上有许多相似之处，并且与它们一样，可能是基因组内冲突的一个来源。
