Autonomic cued reactivity in alcoholics: the effect of olfactory stimuli.

The present study was designed to investigate autonomic cued reactivity to olfactory alcohol stimuli in alcoholics. Twenty outpatient alcoholics and 20 social drinkers were exposed to high- and low-potency alcohol and neutral odors. The alcoholics showed greater skin conductance responses and increased heart rate acceleration responses to the high-potency alcohol odor than social drinkers, while there was no difference between the groups' responses to the low-potency alcohol odor. Alcoholics also reported greater difficulties in resisting a potential offer for a drink after relative to before the experiment, while there was no change in the desire to drink. The results indicate that alcohol cues are perceived as emotionally aversive and elicit a defensive response to avoid further processing of these stimuli. The increased autonomic reactivity may thus reflect a shift of focus from the environmental alcohol cues to internal thoughts and feelings. A rigid internal focus may constrain the ability to resist alcohol consumption and thus be a critical determinant in promoting craving and relapse in alcoholics.