Voss K A, Bacon C W, Meredith F I, Norred W P
United States Department of Agriculture, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens GA 30604-5677, USA.
Food Chem Toxicol. 1996 Jul;34(7):623-32. doi: 10.1016/0278-6915(96)00024-5.
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum and other Fusarium species, which are commonly found on corn, cause a variety of species-specific toxicoses, and have been linked to human oesophageal cancer in areas of southern Africa and China where corn is a dietary staple. The effect of nixtamalization, the process by which masa flour is produced by alkaline hydrolysis of corn, on the organ-specific toxicity of F. moniliforme culture material containing fumonisin B1 (FB1) was studied and the effectiveness of nixtamalization and water extraction for detoxifying culture material was compared. Male rats (n = 10/group) were fed diets containing 5% culture material equivalent weights of nixtamalized culture material (NX diet) providing 58 ppm hydrolysed FB1 but no FB1, water-extracted culture material (WE diet) providing 8 ppm FB1, or untreated culture material (CM diet) providing 71 ppm FB1 for 4 wk. An additional control group was fed a diet containing sound seed corn. Serum chemical and histopathological findings confirmed that the nixtamalized culture material was hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Hepatopathy was found in all rats fed the NX or CM diets. The lesions were qualitatively similar in these two groups, but were noticeably less severe in rats fed the NX diet. In contrast, only one rat fed the WE diet exhibited mild hepatopathy. Mild-to-moderate nephropathy resembling that induced by FB1 was found in all rats fed the NX, WE or CM diet. Thus, the organ-specific effects of nixtamalized culture material, containing no detectable FB1, were similar to those of the FB1-containing diet prepared from untreated culture material. Furthermore, nixtamalization was not as effective as water extraction as a detoxification method.
伏马菌素是由串珠镰刀菌、层出镰刀菌及其他镰刀菌属物种产生的霉菌毒素，常见于玉米上，可引发多种物种特异性中毒症，并且在玉米作为主食的非洲南部和中国部分地区，伏马菌素与人类食管癌有关。本研究探讨了石灰水煮玉米法（即通过玉米的碱性水解生产玉米面团粉的过程）对含伏马菌素B1（FB1）的串珠镰刀菌培养物原料器官特异性毒性的影响，并比较了石灰水煮玉米法和水提法对培养物原料解毒的效果。将雄性大鼠（每组10只）喂养4周，饲料分别含5%相当于培养物原料重量的经石灰水煮过的培养物原料（NX饲料），提供58 ppm水解FB1但不含FB1；水提培养物原料（WE饲料），提供8 ppm FB1；或未处理的培养物原料（CM饲料），提供71 ppm FB1。另设一个对照组，喂养含优质种子玉米的饲料。血清化学和组织病理学检查结果证实，经石灰水煮过的培养物原料具有肝毒性和肾毒性。喂食NX或CM饲料的所有大鼠均出现肝病。这两组的病变在性质上相似，但喂食NX饲料的大鼠病变明显较轻。相比之下，仅1只喂食WE饲料的大鼠出现轻度肝病。喂食NX、WE或CM饲料的所有大鼠均出现轻度至中度肾病，类似于由FB1诱发的肾病。因此，不含可检测到的FB1的经石灰水煮过的培养物原料的器官特异性效应与由未处理的培养物原料制备的含FB1饲料的效应相似。此外，作为一种解毒方法，石灰水煮玉米法不如水提法有效。
