Honeyman M S
Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
J Anim Sci. 1996 Jun;74(6):1410-7. doi: 10.2527/1996.7461410x.
The incorporation of livestock into agricultural systems ensures a more sustainable agriculture. Sustainable swine production systems are defined as those that combine production and management techniques to enhance profit and improve the ecological and socioeconomic surroundings. Over the long term, the systems should maintain or enhance the environment and resource base, the quality of life for the producers and society as a whole, the profit level of producers, and the quality of pork produced. Swine production in the United States is rapidly changing to fewer and larger production units. At the interface of sustainable agriculture and swine production are several levels of issues. Four levels of issues are the farm, the rural community, the society or consuming public, and the ecosystem or environment. By examining each level, long-term sustainability issues for U.S. swine production emerge. Some of these issues include swine care and husbandry, producer health, management and production systems, access to markets, information, technology and genetics, producer entrance requirements, specialization, manure utilization, industry structure, pork quality and leanness, and the impact of modern intensive systems on the environment, farms, and rural communities. The challenge beyond identifying issues is to incorporate sustainable concepts into profitable, ecologically based swine production systems. Several major groups of issues are discussed, including swine industry structure change issues, access and entrance issues, manure, by-product and nuisance issues, and pork quality issues. Many of these issues can be addressed. The solutions often rely on increased education, management, or technology applications. These processes provide broad opportunities for animal scientists. Examples of current solutions are quality assurance programs, segregated age rearing techniques, educational and promotional commodity programs, manure management programs, phase feeding, diet manipulation to alter manure nutrient concentrations, young producer assistance programs, producer networking, and environmental awareness activities. There are many more opportunities for improving the sustainability of U.S. swine production, when a long-term, issue-oriented viewpoint is maintained.
将家畜纳入农业系统可确保实现更可持续的农业。可持续养猪生产系统是指那些结合生产与管理技术以提高利润并改善生态和社会经济环境的系统。从长远来看，这些系统应维持或改善环境和资源基础、生产者及整个社会的生活质量、生产者的利润水平以及猪肉的生产质量。美国的养猪生产正迅速朝着生产单位数量减少且规模扩大的方向转变。在可持续农业与养猪生产的交叉领域存在几个层面的问题。这几个层面的问题分别是农场、农村社区、社会或消费群体以及生态系统或环境。通过审视每个层面，美国养猪生产的长期可持续性问题便显现出来。其中一些问题包括猪的饲养管理、生产者健康、管理与生产系统、市场准入、信息、技术与遗传资源、生产者准入要求、专业化、粪便利用、产业结构、猪肉品质与瘦肉率，以及现代集约化养殖系统对环境、农场和农村社区的影响。识别问题之外的挑战在于将可持续理念融入盈利性的、基于生态的养猪生产系统。文中讨论了几大类问题，包括养猪产业结构变化问题、准入与进入问题、粪便、副产品及滋扰问题以及猪肉品质问题。其中许多问题是可以解决的。解决办法通常依赖于加强教育、管理或技术应用。这些过程为动物科学家提供了广泛的机会。当前的解决办法示例包括质量保证计划、分阶段饲养技术、教育与推广商品计划、粪便管理计划、阶段饲喂、通过日粮调控改变粪便养分浓度、青年生产者援助计划、生产者网络以及环境意识活动。如果保持长期的、以问题为导向的观点，那么在改善美国养猪生产可持续性方面还有更多机会。
