Olesen I, Groen A F, Gjerde B
AKVAFORSK, Institute of Aquaculture Research AS, As, Norway.
J Anim Sci. 2000 Mar;78(3):570-82. doi: 10.2527/2000.783570x.
What we do is determined by the way we "view" a complex issue and what sample of issues or events we choose to deal with. In this paper, a model based on a communal, cultural, or people-centered worldview, informed by a subjective epistemology and a holistic ontology, is considered. Definitions and interpretations of sustainable agriculture are reviewed. Common elements in published definitions of sustainable agriculture and animal production among those who seek long-term and equitable solutions for food production are resource efficiency, profitability, productivity, environmental soundness, biodiversity, social viability, and ethical aspects. Possible characteristics of future sustainable production systems and further development are presented. The impact of these characteristics on animal breeding goals is reviewed. The need for long-term biologically, ecologically, and sociologically sound breeding goals is emphasized, because animal breeding determined only by short-term market forces leads to unwanted side effects. Hence, a procedure for defining animal breeding goals with ethical priorities and weighing of market and non-market values is suggested. Implementation of non-market as well as market economic trait values in the aggregate genotype, as suggested, may allow for breeding programs that contribute to sustainable production systems. Examples of breeding goals in salmon, cattle, and pigs are given, and the resulting genetic responses are evaluated with respect to economic profit (or costs) and other criteria of sustainability. Important prerequisites for breeding programs for sustainable production are appropriate governmental policies, awareness of our way of thinking, and a more communal worldview informed by a subjective epistemology and a holistic ontology.
我们的行为取决于我们“看待”复杂问题的方式以及我们选择处理的问题或事件样本。本文考虑了一种基于社区、文化或以人为本的世界观的模型，这种世界观以主观认识论和整体本体论为指导。回顾了可持续农业的定义和解释。在那些寻求粮食生产长期公平解决方案的人中，可持续农业和动物生产已发表定义中的共同要素包括资源效率、盈利能力、生产力、环境友好性、生物多样性、社会可行性和伦理方面。介绍了未来可持续生产系统的可能特征和进一步发展情况。回顾了这些特征对动物育种目标的影响。强调了制定长期生物学、生态学和社会学合理的育种目标的必要性，因为仅由短期市场力量决定的动物育种会产生不良副作用。因此，建议采用一种确定具有伦理优先级的动物育种目标并权衡市场和非市场价值的程序。如所建议的，在总体基因型中实施非市场以及市场经济性状价值，可能会产生有助于可持续生产系统的育种计划。给出了鲑鱼、牛和猪育种目标的示例，并根据经济利润（或成本）和其他可持续性标准评估了由此产生的遗传反应。可持续生产育种计划的重要先决条件是适当的政府政策、对我们思维方式的认识以及一种以主观认识论和整体本体论为指导的更具社区性的世界观。
