Forster J L, Komro K A, Wolfson M
Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA.
Tob Control. 1996 Spring;5(1):46-51. doi: 10.1136/tc.5.1.46.
To determine the extent and nature of local ordinances to regulate tobacco sales to minors, the level of enforcement of local and state laws concerning tobacco availability to minors, and sanctions applied as a result of enforcement.
Tobacco control ordinances were collected in 1993 from 222 of the 229 cities greater than or equal to 2000 population in Minnesota, United States. In addition a telephone survey with the head of the agency responsible for enforcement of the tobacco ordinances was conducted.
Presence or absence of legislative provisions dealing with youth and tobacco, including licensure of tobacco retailers, sanctions for selling tobacco products to minors, and restrictions on cigarette vending machines, self-service merchandising, and point-of-purchase advertising; and enforcement of these laws (use of inspections and "sting" operations, and sanctions imposed on businesses and minors).
Almost 94% of cities required tobacco licences for retailers. However, 57% of the cities specified licences for cigarettes only. Annual licence fees ranged from $10 to $250, with the higher fees adopted in the previous four years. More than 25% of the cities had adopted some kind of restriction on cigarette vending machines, but only six communities had banned self-service cigarette displays. Three cities specified a minimum age for tobacco sales staff. Fewer than 25% of police officials reported having conducted compliance checks with minors or in-store observations of tobacco sales to determine if minors were being sold tobacco during the current year. Police carrying out compliance checks with youth were almost four times as likely to issue citations as those doing in-store observations. More than 90% of police reported enforcement of the law against tobacco purchase or possession by minors, and nearly 40% reported application of penalties against minors.
Almost 75% of the cities have done nothing to change policies or enforcement practices to encourage compliance with tobacco age-of-sale legislation, and only a few of the remaining cities have adopted optimal policies. In addition, officials in Minnesota cities are much more likely to use enforcement strategies against minors who buy tobacco than against merchants who sell tobacco.
确定规范向未成年人销售烟草的地方法规的范围和性质、地方和州关于未成年人获取烟草的法律的执行水平，以及执法所实施的制裁措施。
1993年从美国明尼苏达州人口大于或等于2000的229个城市中的222个收集了烟草控制条例。此外，还对负责执行烟草条例的机构负责人进行了电话调查。
是否存在涉及青少年与烟草的立法条款，包括烟草零售商的执照发放、向未成年人销售烟草制品的制裁措施，以及对香烟自动售货机、自助销售和购买点广告的限制；以及这些法律的执行情况（检查和“秘密行动”的使用，以及对企业和未成年人实施的制裁）。
近94%的城市要求零售商持有烟草执照。然而，57%的城市仅规定了香烟执照。年度执照费从10美元到250美元不等，过去四年采用了较高的费用。超过25%的城市对香烟自动售货机采取了某种限制措施，但只有六个社区禁止自助香烟展示。三个城市规定了烟草销售人员的最低年龄。不到25%的警察官员报告称在当年对未成年人进行过合规检查或在店内观察烟草销售情况，以确定是否向未成年人出售烟草。对青少年进行合规检查的警察开出罚单的可能性几乎是进行店内观察的警察的四倍。超过90%的警察报告称对未成年人购买或持有烟草的法律进行了执法，近40%的警察报告称对未成年人实施了处罚。
近75%的城市未采取任何措施来改变政策或执法做法以鼓励遵守烟草销售年龄立法，其余城市中只有少数几个采取了最佳政策。此外，明尼苏达州城市的官员更有可能对购买烟草的未成年人采取执法策略，而不是对销售烟草的商家。
