Ontogeny of the cutaneous sensory organs.

The ontogeny of cutaneous sensory nerve organs is described in higher vertebrates, and includes the lamellated corpuscles of Meissner, Pacini and Herbst, and the Merkel cell-neurite complex with bird Merkel and Grandry corpuscles, and mammalian Merkel cells. The main common feature is that for most corpuscles there is an inside-out order of assembly around the nerve ending which is present from the beginning of end-organ ontogeny. The exception is the mammalian Merkel cell which is present in the epidermis before the entrance of nerve fibers, and could play a promotional role in the development of skin innervation. The developmental origin of Herbst and Merkel corpuscles in birds is reported as demonstrated using embryological experiments with cell markers. Conclusions are that inner bulb cells of Herbst corpuscles and bird Merkel cells are of neural crest origin, whereas other cells (inner space and capsular cells for Herbst corpuscle and capsular cells for Merkel corpuscles) are provided by the local mesenchyme. The question of the ontogeny of mammalian Merkel cells is discussed in relation to the two debated hypothesis of epidermal and neural crest origins. Morphogenetic interactions during the development of cutaneous sensory end organs are also discussed.