Arne R, Ståle F, Ragna K, Petter L
Stavanger College, Norway.
Int J Clin Monit Comput. 1996 Aug;13(3):147-52. doi: 10.1023/a:1016964810485.
Simulators may be used in training personnel for the situations when consequences of inappropriate action could be dangerous or expensive. Mishaps and accidents in connection with the use of biomedical instrumentation are frequently a result of technical malfunction and improper use of the equipment. In the medical field, however, use of simulators is not very common. This paper reports our experiences of a development project to design the "PatSim' hands-on simulator for training anaesthesia and intensive care personnel. The simulator consists of a manikin positioned on an operation table or in a typical critical care bed. The manikin, which is controlled by a standard personal computer (PC), can be ventilated by an anaesthesia machine or a ventilator, intravenous pumps can also be connected. Any standard electrodes and transducers can be used to pick up parameters, like ECG, invasive and non-invasive blood pressure, airway pressure and CO2. Data can be displayed on any monitor or workstation. There is no need for modification or special adaptation of the medical equipment used in the simulation scenario. The manikin is capable of spontaneous breathing. Controlled from the PC, different clinical signs can be developed. In addition, typical clinical symptoms can be created during the simulated treatment period. They include laryngospasm, change of lung compliance or airway resistance, pneumothorax, leakage of the intubation tube cuff, blocking of the breathing sounds from one lung, secretion, gastric regurgitation and diuresis. During a simulation session, the trainee should be exposed to a lifelike situation. Hence, we place the manikin in a room that resembles either intensive care or operating room environment.
模拟器可用于培训人员应对不当操作后果可能危险或代价高昂的情况。与生物医学仪器使用相关的事故和意外往往是技术故障和设备使用不当造成的。然而，在医学领域，模拟器的使用并不十分普遍。本文报告了我们设计“PatSim”实操模拟器以培训麻醉和重症监护人员的开发项目经验。该模拟器由放置在手术台上或典型重症监护病床上的人体模型组成。人体模型由标准个人计算机（PC）控制，可通过麻醉机或呼吸机进行通气，也可连接静脉输液泵。任何标准电极和传感器均可用于采集参数，如心电图、有创和无创血压、气道压力和二氧化碳。数据可显示在任何监视器或工作站上。在模拟场景中使用的医疗设备无需进行修改或特殊适配。人体模型能够自主呼吸。通过PC控制，可呈现不同的临床体征。此外，在模拟治疗期间可制造典型的临床症状。这些症状包括喉痉挛、肺顺应性或气道阻力变化、气胸、气管插管套囊漏气、一侧肺部呼吸音受阻、分泌物、胃反流和利尿。在模拟训练过程中，学员应置身于逼真的情境中。因此，我们将人体模型放置在类似重症监护室或手术室环境的房间里。
