Wilson T D, Houston C E, Etling K M, Brekke N
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903-2477, USA.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1996 Dec;125(4):387-402. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.125.4.387.
In previous anchoring studies people were asked to consider an anchor as a possible answer to the target question or were given informative anchors. The authors predicted that basic anchoring effects can occur, whereby uninformative numerical anchors influence a judgment even when people are not asked to compare this number to the target value. Five studies supported these hypotheses: Basic anchoring occurs if people pay sufficient attention to the anchor value; knowledgeable people are less susceptible to basic anchoring effects; anchoring appears to operate unintentionally and nonconsciously in that it is difficult to avoid even when people are forewarned. The possible mechanisms of basic anchoring and the relation between these mechanisms and other processes of judgment and correction are discussed.
在以往的锚定研究中，人们被要求将一个锚定值视为目标问题的可能答案，或者被给予信息性锚定值。作者预测可能会出现基本锚定效应，即即使人们没有被要求将这个数字与目标值进行比较，无信息的数字锚定值也会影响判断。五项研究支持了这些假设：如果人们对锚定值给予足够的关注，就会出现基本锚定效应；知识渊博的人较不易受基本锚定效应的影响；锚定似乎是在无意和无意识的情况下起作用的，因为即使人们事先得到警告，也很难避免。本文还讨论了基本锚定的可能机制，以及这些机制与其他判断和校正过程之间的关系。
