Samuelson G, Bratteby L E, Enghardt H, Hedgren M
Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996 Sep;415:1-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14268.x.
In 1993-94 a nutritional survey of 15-year-old adolescents was carried out in Uppsala, a university city in eastern Sweden, and in Trollhättan, an industrial town in the western part of the country. The study was the beginning of a longitudinal nutritional survey of 193 boys and 218 girls randomly selected from the official population register. The dietary methods used were a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a combined estimated and weighed 7-day dietary record. According to the FFQ both boys and girls consumed cereals, butter or margarine and something from the group meat/fish/eggs every day. Milk, milk products, sweets and snacks were consumed more than once per day. Vegetables and fruit/roots were consumed less often. There was relatively good correlation between the FFQ and the 7-day record results. The mean daily energy intakes of the 15-year-old boys and girls were 10.2 and 8.3 MJ, respectively, in Uppsala, and 9.8 and 7.4 MJ in Trollhättan. The mean daily intakes of sucrose were 74 and 58 g in boys and 64 and 52 g in girls. The average daily dietary fibre intake was 1.8 g/MJ. The daily intake of energy obtained from breakfast was 18% on weekdays and 22% on weekends; 18 and 11% from prepared lunch; 24 and 30% from dinner, 21 and 14% from light meals; and 16 and 28% from snacks, in Uppsala and Trollhättan respectively. The lowest energy intake from a prepared lunch meal was noted during weekends. On both weekdays and weekends, considerable energy was obtained from light meals and snacks. However, nearly 40% of the girls and 28% of the boys had an energy intake from fat of < 30 energy%. The mean intakes of vitamin D and selenium and, in the case of girls, iron and zinc, were below the official Swedish Nutrition Recommendations. The daily median intake of iron was 18.7 mg in boys and 14.1 mg in girls. The iron intakes varied between 6 and 35 mg per day. Low serum ferritin concentrations, defined as s-ferritin < 12 micrograms/L, were found in 7 boys (3.7% and in 29 girls (13.9%). Significant negative correlations were found between smoking and frequency of consumption of vegetables, roots, fruits and meat. A negative correlation was also found between smoking and the intake of energy and a number of nutrients. Socioeconomic factors seem to be less important for the food habits of teenagers than for those noted during childhood. Only frequent consumption of vegetables was positively correlated to the mothers' educational level.
1993 - 1994年，在瑞典东部的大学城乌普萨拉以及该国西部的工业城镇特罗尔海坦对15岁青少年进行了一项营养调查。该研究是对从官方人口登记册中随机抽取的193名男孩和218名女孩进行纵向营养调查的开端。所采用的饮食调查方法包括食物频率问卷（FFQ）以及一份综合估算和称重的7天饮食记录。根据食物频率问卷，男孩和女孩每天都食用谷物、黄油或人造黄油以及肉类/鱼类/蛋类中的某些食物。牛奶、奶制品、糖果和零食的食用频率超过每天一次。蔬菜以及水果/根茎类食物的食用频率较低。食物频率问卷和7天记录结果之间存在相对较好的相关性。在乌普萨拉，15岁男孩和女孩的日均能量摄入量分别为10.2兆焦和8.3兆焦，在特罗尔海坦分别为9.8兆焦和7.4兆焦。男孩的蔗糖日均摄入量分别为74克和58克，女孩分别为64克和52克。膳食纤维的日均摄入量为1.8克/兆焦。工作日从早餐获取的能量占每日摄入量的18%，周末占22%；从准备好的午餐获取的能量分别占18%和11%；从晚餐获取的能量分别占24%和30%；从便餐获取的能量分别占21%和14%；从零食获取的能量分别占16%和28%，分别来自乌普萨拉和特罗尔海坦的数据。在周末准备好的午餐的能量摄入量最低。在工作日和周末，便餐和零食都提供了相当多的能量。然而，近40%的女孩和28%的男孩从脂肪中获取的能量<30%能量比。维生素D、硒的平均摄入量，以及女孩的铁和锌的平均摄入量低于瑞典官方营养建议值。男孩铁的日摄入量中位数为18.7毫克，女孩为14.1毫克。铁摄入量在每天6至35毫克之间变化。血清铁蛋白浓度低（定义为s - 铁蛋白<12微克/升）的情况在7名男孩（3.7%）和29名女孩（13.9%）中被发现。吸烟与蔬菜、根茎类、水果和肉类的食用频率之间存在显著负相关。吸烟与能量及多种营养素的摄入量之间也存在负相关。社会经济因素对青少年饮食习惯的影响似乎比对儿童期的影响要小。只有蔬菜的频繁食用与母亲的教育水平呈正相关。
