Hagman U, Bruce A, Persson L A, Samuelson G, Sjölin S
Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1986;328:1-56.
In Sweden a multicentre nutritional survey was performed in 1980-81 in four different parts of Sweden. The total number of children investigated was 1109, of whom 92 were two years old, 332 four years, 338 eight years and 347 thirteen years. The 24-hour recall method was used in all children. In addition 7-day record was used in the 2-, 4- and 8-year-olds and the dietary history method in the 13-year-olds. During the weekdays the 2-, 4-, 8- and 13-year-old children had 5.9, 5.8, 5.4 and 5.2 meals and snacks per day, respectively. During weekends these respective numbers decreased to 5.7, 5.6, 5.1 and 5.0. The mean number of light meals and snacks was almost the same on all days and varied between 2.4 and 3.3 in the different age groups. The part of the energy intake deriving from snacks has increased during the last 15 years. The mean daily energy intakes for the 2-, 4-, 8- and 13-year-old boys and girls were 5.8 and 5.6, 6.9 and 6.5, 8.9 and 7.9 and 12.1 and 9.7 MJ respectively. These values are below the recommendations for all age groups except the 2-year-old boys. The mean daily intakes of protein, retinol, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12 and calcium were almost invariably higher or much higher than the recommendations, while those of vitamin D and zinc were below the recommended values. The iron intake fulfilled the recommendations except for the 2-year-olds and the 13-year-old girls. The intake of protein and fat expressed in per cent of the total energy intake was very similar in all age groups, about 14 per cent and 35-37 per cent respectively. The mean ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (P/S ratio) was also the same in all age groups, i.e. 0.22-0.23. This low ratio is explained by a high consumption of dairy products. Furthermore, the nutrient density of the food did not change appreciably with age. The only exception was found for the 2-year-old children, who had slightly higher nutrient density values on account of a relatively high consumption of fortified follow-up formula. In all age groups the mean nutrient densities of vitamins D and B6 and of iron were below the recommendations to varying degrees. No clinical signs of nutritional deficiencies, iron deficiency included, were found in any age group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
1980 - 1981年，瑞典在其四个不同地区开展了一项多中心营养调查。接受调查的儿童总数为1109名，其中92名两岁，332名四岁，338名八岁，347名十三岁。所有儿童均采用24小时回忆法。此外，两岁、四岁和八岁儿童采用7天记录法，十三岁儿童采用饮食史法。工作日期间，两岁、四岁、八岁和十三岁儿童每天分别进食5.9次、5.8次、5.4次和5.2次正餐及零食。周末时，这些数字分别降至5.7次、5.6次、5.1次和5.0次。所有日子里清淡餐食和零食的平均次数几乎相同，不同年龄组在2.4次至3.3次之间。在过去15年里，零食提供的能量摄入比例有所增加。两岁、四岁、八岁和十三岁男孩和女孩的日均能量摄入量分别为5.8和5.6、6.9和6.5、8.9和7.9以及l2.1和9.7兆焦耳。除两岁男孩外，这些数值均低于所有年龄组的建议摄入量。蛋白质、视黄醇、抗坏血酸、硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、维生素B12和钙的日均摄入量几乎始终高于或远高于建议值，而维生素D和锌的摄入量则低于建议值。除两岁儿童和十三岁女孩外，铁摄入量符合建议值。所有年龄组中，蛋白质和脂肪摄入量占总能量摄入的百分比非常相似，分别约为14%和35 - 37%。所有年龄组中多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的平均比例（P/S比例）也相同，即0.22 - 0.23。这种低比例是由于乳制品消费量高所致。此外，食物的营养密度并未随年龄显著变化。唯一的例外是两岁儿童，由于强化后续配方奶粉的消费量相对较高而营养密度值略高。在所有年龄组中，维生素D、B6和铁的平均营养密度均不同程度低于建议值。任何年龄组均未发现营养缺乏的临床症状，包括缺铁症状。（摘要截选至400字）
