Dickinson A, Campos J, Varga Z I, Balleine B
University of Cambridge, U.K.
Q J Exp Psychol B. 1996 Nov;49(4):289-306. doi: 10.1080/713932637.
Three experiments examined bidirectional instrumental conditioning by training hungry rats to push a pole in one direction for food pellets and in the other for either a sugar or a starch solution. In the first study we examined whether the animals learned about the action-reinforcer relations using a specific satiety procedure. Prefeeding one type of reinforcer before an extinction test selectively depressed the performance of the action that had been paired with this reinforcer during training. The second experiment investigated the sensitivity of the bidirectional actions to variations in the action-reinforcer contingencies. When the instrumental contingency was degraded by presenting unpaired reinforcers, the animals pushed less in the direction that was paired with the reinforcer type that was the same as the non-contiguous one. A third study revealed that increasing the rate of reinforcement for one action enhanced its rate of performance without significantly affecting the performance of the other action. We conclude that the effects of reinforcer devaluation, the action-outcome contingency, and the rate of reinforcement are not mediated by Pavlovian associations between the manipulandum and the reinforcer.
三项实验通过训练饥饿的大鼠在一个方向推压杆子以获取食丸，在另一个方向推压杆子以获取糖溶液或淀粉溶液，来检验双向工具性条件作用。在第一项研究中，我们使用特定饱腹感程序检验动物是否了解动作与强化物之间的关系。在消退测试前预先喂食一种强化物，会选择性地降低在训练期间与该强化物配对的动作的表现。第二项实验研究了双向动作对动作-强化物意外情况变化的敏感性。当通过呈现未配对的强化物使工具性意外情况变差时，动物在与与非连续强化物类型相同的强化物配对的方向上推压的次数减少。第三项研究表明，提高一种动作的强化速率会提高其执行速率，而不会显著影响另一种动作的表现。我们得出结论，强化物贬值、动作-结果意外情况和强化速率的影响不是由操作物与强化物之间的巴甫洛夫式关联介导的。
