Roccella E J
National High Blood Pressure Education Programme, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
J Hum Hypertens. 1996 Feb;10 Suppl 1:S17-9.
A major reason for building evaluation procedures into community high blood pressure control programmes is the potential to influence programme planning and operation positively. Evaluation can assist smooth, successful implementation of programme plans on a continuous basis. Evaluation can provide for staff development and training and help administrators be accountable to themselves, their staffs, and their clients. Three basis types of evaluation are relevant to hypertension control programmes: process, outcome, and impact. Process evaluation measures programme efforts by assessing, modifying, and reassessing daily operations. This type of evaluation examines the use of resources, patterns of staff interaction, processes used in planning, decision making, or organization of staff to carry out these efforts. Outcome evaluation measures programme effects and extent to which programme achieve results in the target population. This activity helps determine how well programme objectives are achieved and whether activities should be continued, expanded, or redirected. Impact evaluation provides information on the long-term effects of the hypertension control programme on the community at large, such as morbidity and mortality changes. Because of the need for large sample sizes to detect these changes, impact evaluation is not usually conducted by a single community programme. As community programmes grow in number, the competition for resources becomes greater. Legislators will demand more information about programme costs and effectiveness, which will be needed to justify expenditures and compete for additional resources.
将评估程序纳入社区高血压控制项目的一个主要原因是其有可能对项目规划和运作产生积极影响。评估有助于持续顺利、成功地实施项目计划。评估可为员工发展和培训提供支持，并帮助管理人员对自己、员工和客户负责。有三种基本类型的评估与高血压控制项目相关：过程评估、结果评估和影响评估。过程评估通过评估、修改和重新评估日常运作来衡量项目工作。这种评估类型会审查资源的使用情况、员工互动模式、规划、决策或员工组织实施这些工作所采用的流程。结果评估衡量项目效果以及项目在目标人群中取得成果的程度。这项活动有助于确定项目目标的实现程度以及活动是否应继续、扩大或调整方向。影响评估提供有关高血压控制项目对整个社区的长期影响的信息，例如发病率和死亡率的变化。由于需要大样本量来检测这些变化，影响评估通常不由单个社区项目进行。随着社区项目数量的增加，资源竞争变得更加激烈。立法者将要求提供更多有关项目成本和效益的信息，这对于证明支出合理性和争夺额外资源是必要的。
