Levin B C
Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
Toxicology. 1996 Dec 31;115(1-3):89-106. doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(96)03497-x.
Three research areas -- a 7-gas N-Gas Model, toxicant suppressants, and genetic toxicology -- are presented as new research approaches in toxicology. The current 6-gas N-Gas Model predicts the toxic potency of the combustion products of materials based on the toxicological interactions of the fire gases carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), low oxygen (O2) concentrations, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide. The present research includes nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a new 7-gas model which incorporates the synergistic effects of NO2 and CO2, the antagonistic effects of NO2 and HCN, and the additive effects of NO2 with CO and low O2. The area of toxicant suppressants concerns chemicals, which when added to a material, will inhibit or reduce the concentration of a specific toxic gas normally generated during thermal decomposition of that material. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology when HCN generation was reduced by 90% and the resultant toxicity of the combustion products was lowered by 50% when a flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam was treated with 0.1% (by weight) cuprous oxide (Cu2O). Although melamine-treated FPU foams are being promoted as more fire safe than standard foams, a melamine-treated foam generated 10 times more HCN than a foam without melamine. The addition of Cu2O to this melamine foam also reduced the HCN generation by 90%. The genetic toxicology research entails the examination of DNA damage that results from the exposure of human cells to various environmental toxicants and gases.
提出了三个研究领域——七气体N-气体模型、毒物抑制剂和遗传毒理学——作为毒理学中的新研究方法。当前的六气体N-气体模型基于一氧化碳（CO）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、低氧（O₂）浓度、氰化氢（HCN）、氯化氢和溴化氢等火灾气体的毒理学相互作用来预测材料燃烧产物的毒性强度。目前的研究在新的七气体模型中纳入了二氧化氮（NO₂），该模型考虑了NO₂与CO₂的协同效应、NO₂与HCN的拮抗效应以及NO₂与CO和低O₂的相加效应。毒物抑制剂领域涉及一些化学物质，当将其添加到一种材料中时，会抑制或降低该材料热分解过程中通常产生的特定有毒气体的浓度。在美国国家标准与技术研究院，这种方法的有效性得到了证明，当用0.1%（重量）的氧化亚铜（Cu₂O）处理柔性聚氨酯（FPU）泡沫时，HCN的生成量减少了90%，燃烧产物的毒性降低了50%。尽管经三聚氰胺处理的FPU泡沫被宣传为比标准泡沫更具防火安全性，但经三聚氰胺处理的泡沫产生的HCN比未处理的泡沫多10倍。向这种三聚氰胺泡沫中添加Cu₂O也使HCN的生成量减少了90%。遗传毒理学研究需要检测人类细胞暴露于各种环境毒物和气体后导致的DNA损伤。
