Eustache F, Desgranges B, Messerli P
INSERM U320, Services de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, France.
Rev Neurol (Paris). 1996 Oct;152(10):602-10.
The Genevan neurologist and psychologist Edouard Claparède is not well enough known to present-day neuropsychologists However, at the beginning of the century he developed certain modern concepts by introducing the notions of "implicit" and "explicit" into the study of memory. Edouard Claparède applied the saving method in relearning, initiated by Ebbinghaus, in the assessment of abilities retained by patients suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome. He described the two implicit-memory phenomena which are today called "priming effects" and "skill learning". Edouard Claparède also showed the influence of the implicit and explicit memories in recognition. His approach places him in the tradition of the multisystem theories of the memory: he made a distinction between habits and memories and then integrated the idea of familiar knowledge in this architecture of the memory, which is very close to that of Tulving (1985). Moreover, the importance that he gaves to perceptive data in recognition and the self in voluntary recall bring to mind the more recent distinction between data-driven and concept-driven processes in functional theories of memory. This integration of the two approaches, the structural and functional, must place Edouard Claparède among the most important precursors of the theories of human memory.
日内瓦神经学家兼心理学家爱德华·克拉帕雷德如今并不为神经心理学家所熟知。然而，在本世纪初，他通过将“内隐”和“外显”概念引入记忆研究，提出了某些现代观念。爱德华·克拉帕雷德在对患有科尔萨科夫综合征患者保留能力的评估中，应用了由艾宾浩斯开创的再学习节省法。他描述了如今被称为“启动效应”和“技能学习”的两种内隐记忆现象。爱德华·克拉帕雷德还展示了内隐记忆和外显记忆在识别中的影响。他的方法使他置身于记忆多系统理论的传统之中：他区分了习惯和记忆，然后将熟悉知识的概念融入这种记忆架构，这与图尔文（1985年）的架构非常接近。此外，他在识别中对感知数据以及在自主回忆中对自我的重视，让人联想到记忆功能理论中数据驱动和概念驱动过程的最新区分。这种结构和功能两种方法的整合，必定使爱德华·克拉帕雷德跻身于人类记忆理论最重要的先驱者之列。
