Word C O, Bowser B
California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco 94109, USA.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1997 Feb;23(1):67-77. doi: 10.3109/00952999709001688.
Increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases among users of noninjection drugs prompt speculation that crack cocaine users who do not inject are at particularly high risk of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection.
A street recruitment technique was employed to enroll 331 primarily African-American men aged 18-29 in an area of San Francisco where crack cocaine is sold openly. One-half were regular crack users and the other half had never used the drug. Few reported injection drug use or male-to-male sex. In a face-to-face interview, participants reported on their drug use, knowledge of HIV, sexual practice, condom use, and demographic characteristics. Following counseling, each was tested for HIV and syphilis.
Comparisons showed that demographically similar, crack users reported more sexual partners in the last 12 months, more sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in their lifetime, and greater frequencies of paying for sex, exchanging sex for drugs, and having sex with injection drug users. Users reported greater current depression, anxiety, and social isolation. They reported earlier initiation into alcohol use and less positive parenting experiences during their adolescence.
These results are consistent with findings that report the comorbidity of drug abuse and mental illness. Implications are drawn for reducing HIV infection among this high-risk population for early adolescent, community mental health, and substance abuse treatment programs.
非注射吸毒者中性传播疾病发病率不断上升，这引发了人们的猜测，即不注射的快克可卡因使用者感染艾滋病毒（人类免疫缺陷病毒）的风险特别高。
采用街头招募技术，在旧金山一个快克可卡因公开售卖的地区招募了331名主要为18至29岁的非裔美国男性。其中一半是经常使用快克可卡因的人，另一半从未使用过这种毒品。很少有人报告有注射吸毒或男男性行为。在面对面访谈中，参与者报告了他们的吸毒情况、艾滋病毒知识、性行为、避孕套使用情况和人口统计学特征。咨询后，对每个人进行了艾滋病毒和梅毒检测。
比较显示，在人口统计学特征相似的情况下，快克可卡因使用者报告在过去12个月中有更多性伴侣、一生中患更多性传播疾病（STD），以及付费性行为、以性换毒和与注射吸毒者发生性行为的频率更高。使用者报告当前有更严重的抑郁、焦虑和社交孤立感。他们报告更早开始饮酒，青少年时期积极的养育经历较少。
这些结果与报告药物滥用和精神疾病共病的研究结果一致。为减少这一高危人群中的艾滋病毒感染，对青少年早期、社区心理健康和药物滥用治疗项目提出了建议。
