Goldstone R L, Medin D L, Halberstadt J
Psychology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
Mem Cognit. 1997 Mar;25(2):237-55. doi: 10.3758/bf03201115.
Similarity comparisons are highly sensitive to judgment context. Three experiments explore context effects that occur within a single comparison rather than across several trials. Experiment 1 shows reliable intransitivities in which a target is judged to be more similar to stimulus A than to stimulus B, more similar to B than to stimulus C, and more similar to C than to A. Experiment 2 explores the locus of Tversky's (1977) diagnosticity effect in which the relative similarity of two alternatives to a target is influenced by a third alternative. Experiment 3 demonstrates a new violation of choice independence which is explained by object dimensions' becoming foregrounded or backgrounded, depending upon the set of displayed objects. The observed violations of common assumptions to many models of similarity and choice can be accommodated in terms of a dynamic property-weighting process based on the variability and diagnosticity of dimensions.
相似性比较对判断背景高度敏感。三项实验探究了在单一比较中而非跨多个试验时出现的背景效应。实验1显示出可靠的非传递性，即一个目标被判断为与刺激A比与刺激B更相似，与B比与刺激C更相似，与C比与A更相似。实验2探究了特沃斯基（1977）诊断性效应的根源，在该效应中，两个备选对象与一个目标的相对相似性受第三个备选对象影响。实验3证明了一种新的选择独立性违背现象，这可以通过对象维度根据显示对象集成为前景或背景来解释。观察到的对许多相似性和选择模型常见假设的违背，可以根据基于维度的变异性和诊断性的动态属性加权过程来解释。
