Fleeson W, Heckhausen J
Center for Psychology and Human Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education, Berlin, Germany.
Psychol Aging. 1997 Mar;12(1):125-36. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.12.1.125.
This article examines whether adults perceive different levels of their own personality traits at different target ages, and what the differences are. Using abbreviated versions of assessments of the 5-factor model of personality (NEO-FFI, P.T. Costa & R.R. McCrae, 1989) and of well-being (C. D. Ryff, 1989), 398 heterogeneous participants (age 26-64) described their own personality (a) in the present, (b) when they were 20-25 years old, (c) when they will be 65-70 years old, and (d) in the ideal. Participants' responses across the 3 target ages indicated moderate change across adulthood and more variability than is typically observed in longitudinal studies of adult personality development. Anticipated late adulthood personality contained more losses than gains, although all target ages showed some gains. Participants' perceptions were characterized by early adulthood exploration, middle adulthood productivity, and later adulthood comfortableness. Additionally, older adults reported slightly lower ideals but in other ways responded very similarly to younger and middle-aged adults.
本文探讨成年人是否会在不同的目标年龄对自身性格特质有不同程度的认知，以及具体有哪些差异。研究使用了人格五因素模型（NEO-FFI，P.T. 科斯塔和R.R. 麦克雷，1989年）和幸福感（C.D. 赖夫，1989年）评估的简化版本，398名不同类型的参与者（年龄在26至64岁之间）描述了他们自己的性格：（a）当前的性格，（b）20至25岁时的性格，（c）65至70岁时的性格，以及（d）理想中的性格。参与者在这三个目标年龄的回答表明，成年期存在适度变化，且变异性比成年人人格发展纵向研究中通常观察到的更大。预期的老年期人格特质中损失多于收获，尽管所有目标年龄都有一些收获。参与者的认知特点是成年早期的探索、中年期的高效以及老年期的舒适。此外，老年人报告的理想状态略低，但在其他方面，他们的回答与年轻人和中年人非常相似。
