Aoyagi Y, McLellan T M, Shephard R J
Graduate Department of Community Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Sports Med. 1997 Mar;23(3):173-210. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199723030-00004.
Physical training and heat acclimation are both commonly adopted tactics to improve performance and/or tolerance times when individuals must compete or work in the heat. Potential benefits include: (i) improved aerobic fitness and thus a greater cardiovascular reserve (probably seen mainly after training); (ii) a lower resting body temperature that allows greater heat storage (probably seen mainly after acclimation); (iii) a decreased energy cost of a given intensity of exercise (seen after acclimation and also as the learning component of training); (iv) an enhanced sweating response at a given percentage of maximal effort (probably developed by both treatments); (v) a slower increase in body temperature owing to (iii) and/or (iv) [seen after both treatments]; (vi) a reduced cardiovascular stress because of changes in the autonomic nervous system (probably realised mainly by training), expansion of blood volume (seen after both treatments) and/or a decreased peripheral pooling of blood (probably found after both treatments); and (vii) improved subjective tolerance reflecting a decrease in the relative intensity of a given activity (probably seen mainly after training), a reduction in the physiological strain (found after both treatments) and/or habituation to heat-exercise stress (probably developed by both treatments). Factors affecting improvements in physiological and psychological responses to a given set of conditions include: (i) the individual's initial fitness and acclimatisation to heat; (ii) age, gender, hydration, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythms and in women the menstrual cycle: (iii) use of ergogenic aids such as fluid ingestion, carbohydrate and/or electrolyte replacement and blood doping; (iv) event or test conditions such as the mode of exercise, the severity of environmental heat stress and the type of clothing worn; and (v) treatment conditions such as the intensity, duration and frequency of exercise and/or heat exposure, the length of any rest intervals and cumulative depletion of body water and minerals.
当个体必须在炎热环境中进行比赛或工作时，体育训练和热适应都是常用的提高表现和/或耐受时间的策略。潜在益处包括：(i) 提高有氧适能，从而拥有更大的心血管储备（可能主要在训练后出现）；(ii) 静息体温降低，从而能储存更多热量（可能主要在热适应后出现）；(iii) 给定运动强度下的能量消耗降低（热适应后出现，也是训练的学习部分）；(iv) 在最大努力的给定百分比下出汗反应增强（两种处理方式均可产生）；(v) 由于(iii)和/或(iv)，体温升高速度减慢 [两种处理方式后均可见]；(vi) 由于自主神经系统变化（可能主要通过训练实现）、血容量增加（两种处理方式后均可见）和/或外周血液淤积减少（两种处理方式后可能均可发现），心血管压力降低；以及(vii) 主观耐受性提高，反映出给定活动的相对强度降低（可能主要在训练后出现）、生理应激减轻（两种处理方式后均可见）和/或对热运动应激的习惯化（两种处理方式可能均可产生）。影响对给定条件的生理和心理反应改善的因素包括：(i) 个体的初始适能和对热的适应程度；(ii) 年龄、性别、水合状态、睡眠剥夺、昼夜节律以及女性的月经周期；(iii) 使用提高运动能力的辅助手段，如液体摄入、碳水化合物和/或电解质补充以及血液兴奋剂；(iv) 赛事或测试条件，如运动方式、环境热应激的严重程度和所穿衣物类型；以及(v) 处理条件，如运动和/或热暴露的强度、持续时间和频率、任何休息间隔的时长以及身体水分和矿物质的累积消耗。
