Genes preserved in relatives.

The genes of an individual are said to be preserved in his relatives if they possess, collectively, all copies of his genes. We present a method for computing the probability that an individual's genes are preserved in his relatives. Using this method, we compute gene preservation probabilities (up to three linked loci) for a variety of relationships for humans and for haplodiploid species. The results suggest that some widely held notions in ethology and sociobiology seem to be questionable. From the gene preservation viewpoint, two brothers are far from enough to justify the sacrifice of one's own life, because the probability that an individual's genes are preserved in his two siblings is dismally small. The precise probability that an individual's genes are all preserved in a group of his relatives depends on the precise specification of the pedigree structure. We also demonstrate that, for a hymenopteran female, there is no practical difference, in terms of gene preservation probability, between helping her sisters to breed and breeding her own offspring. In fact, since the genes of her sister will be either lost or preserved in her nieces/nephews, it is more appropriate to compare the probability of preserving her genes through her own offspring with that through her nieces/nephews. We show that her chance of preserving all her genes is much higher if she chooses to breed her own offspring instead of helping her sister.