Pillow B H, Weed S T
Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb 60115, USA.
J Genet Psychol. 1997 Sep;158(3):365-76. doi: 10.1080/00221329709596675.
Preschool children's use of information about age and perceptual experience to infer other people's knowledge was investigated. Because young children may view adults as omniscient, the hypothesis that 3-year-olds regard an observer's age and perceptual experience as equally important when inferring the observer's knowledge was tested. In Experiment 1, 3- and 4-year-olds were asked to judge which of 2 observers, 1 adult and 1 same-age child, knew the identity of a hidden object. On some trials, the adult looked at the hidden object; on other trials, the same-age peer looked at the hidden object. The children who were 3.5 years old relied on information about perceptual experience when judging knowledge. However, the younger 3-year-olds often chose the peer, even though the adult was knowledgeable. The children may have chosen the peer on the basis of familiarity; therefore, adult and child dolls were used in Experiment 2. Neither the 3-year-olds nor the 4-year-olds attributed knowledge on the basis of age rather than perceptual experience.
研究了学龄前儿童如何利用年龄信息和感知经验来推断他人的知识。由于幼儿可能认为成年人无所不知，因此对三岁儿童在推断观察者的知识时，将观察者的年龄和感知经验视为同等重要这一假设进行了测试。在实验1中，3岁和4岁的儿童被要求判断两个观察者（一个成年人和一个同龄儿童）中哪一个知道隐藏物体的身份。在某些试验中，成年人看了隐藏物体；在其他试验中，同龄同伴看了隐藏物体。3.5岁的儿童在判断知识时依赖于感知经验信息。然而，年龄较小的3岁儿童经常选择同伴，即使成年人是有知识的。孩子们可能是基于熟悉程度选择了同伴；因此，在实验2中使用了成人和儿童玩偶。3岁和4岁的儿童都不是基于年龄而是基于感知经验来归因知识。
