Johnson K E, Mervis C B
Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis 46202-3275, USA.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1997 Sep;126(3):248-77. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.248.
Six experiments were conducted on the effects of expertise on basic-level categorization. Individuals with varying levels of knowledge about songbirds generated lists of attributes, named objects, identified and discriminated among object silhouettes, verified category membership at 4 hierarchical levels, and visually identified songbirds primed either by species-specific, related, or unrelated birdsong. Results indicated that the original basic level never lost its privileged status. Expertise increased access to categorical information at the subordinate level for intermediate exports and at both the subordinate and sub-subordinate levels for advanced experts, causing these sublevels to function as basic. Throughout the continuum of expertise, conceptual knowledge interacted with perception. Accordingly, experts attended to different and more subtle perceptual features than novices.
针对专业知识对基础水平分类的影响进行了六项实验。对鸣禽有着不同知识水平的个体生成了属性列表、为物体命名、识别并区分物体轮廓、在四个层次水平上验证类别归属，以及通过特定物种、相关或不相关的鸟鸣声进行视觉识别鸣禽。结果表明，最初的基础水平从未失去其特权地位。专业知识增加了中级专家对下属水平类别信息的获取，以及高级专家对下属和次下属水平类别信息的获取，使这些子水平发挥基础水平的作用。在整个专业知识连续体中，概念知识与感知相互作用。因此，专家比新手关注不同且更细微的感知特征。
