Mitler M M, Miller J C, Lipsitz J J, Walsh J K, Wylie C D
Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, Calif. 92037-1205, USA.
N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 11;337(11):755-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199709113371106.
Fatigue and sleep deprivation are important safety issues for long-haul truck drivers.
We conducted round-the-clock electrophysiologic and performance monitoring of four groups of 20 male truck drivers who were carrying revenue-producing loads. We compared four driving schedules, two in the United States (five 10-hour trips of day driving beginning about the same time each day or of night driving beginning about 2 hours earlier each day) and two in Canada (four 13-hour trips of late-night-to-morning driving beginning at about the same time each evening or of afternoon-to-night driving beginning 1 hour later each day).
Drivers averaged 5.18 hours in bed per. day and 4.78 hours of electrophysiologically verified sleep per day over the five-day study (range, 3.83 hours of sleep for those on the steady 13-hour night schedule to 5.38 hours of sleep for those on the steady 10-hour day schedule). These values compared with a mean (+/-SD) self-reported ideal amount of sleep of 7.1+/-1 hours a day. For 35 drivers (44 percent), naps augmented the sleep obtained by an average of 0.45+/-0.31 hour. No crashes or other vehicle mishaps occurred. Two drivers had undiagnosed sleep apnea, as detected by polysomnography. Two other drivers had one episode each of stage 1 sleep while driving, as detected by electroencephalography. Forty-five drivers (56 percent) had at least 1 six-minute interval of drowsiness while driving, as judged by analysis of video recordings of their faces; 1067 of the 1989 six-minute segments (54 percent) showing drowsy drivers involved just eight drivers.
Long-haul truck drivers in this study obtained less sleep than is required for alertness on the job. The greatest vulnerability to sleep or sleep-like states is in the late night and early morning.
疲劳和睡眠剥夺是长途卡车司机面临的重要安全问题。
我们对四组每组20名驾驶载货卡车的男性司机进行了全天候的电生理和性能监测。我们比较了四种驾驶时间表，两种在美国（每天大约同一时间开始的五次10小时日间驾驶行程，或每天提前约2小时开始的夜间驾驶行程），两种在加拿大（每天傍晚大约同一时间开始的四次从深夜到清晨的13小时驾驶行程，或每天晚1小时开始的下午到夜间驾驶行程）。
在为期五天的研究中，司机平均每天卧床5.18小时，经电生理验证的睡眠时间平均为每天4.78小时（范围为，稳定的13小时夜间驾驶时间表的司机睡眠时间为3.83小时，稳定的10小时日间驾驶时间表的司机睡眠时间为5.38小时）。这些数值与自我报告的平均（±标准差）理想睡眠时间每天7.1±1小时相比。对于35名司机（44%），小睡使获得的睡眠时间平均增加了0.45±0.31小时。未发生撞车或其他车辆事故。通过多导睡眠图检测发现两名司机患有未确诊的睡眠呼吸暂停。通过脑电图检测发现另外两名司机在驾驶时有各一次1期睡眠发作。根据对他们面部视频记录的分析判断，45名司机（56%）在驾驶时有至少1次持续6分钟的困倦时段；在显示困倦司机的1989个6分钟时段中，1067个（54%）涉及仅8名司机。
本研究中的长途卡车司机获得的睡眠少于工作时保持警觉所需的睡眠量。在深夜和清晨最容易出现睡眠或类似睡眠的状态。
