Lindenberger U, Baltes P B
Center for Psychology and Human Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education, Berlin, Germany.
Psychol Aging. 1997 Sep;12(3):410-32. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.12.3.410.
This study documents age trends, interrelations, and correlates of intellectual abilities in old and very old age (70-103 years) from the Berlin Aging Study (N = 516). Fourteen tests were used to assess 5 abilities: reasoning, memory, and perceptual speed from the mechanic (broad fluid) domain and knowledge and fluency from the pragmatic (broad crystallized) domain. Intellectual abilities had negative linear age relations, with more pronounced age reductions in mechanic than in pragmatic abilities. Interrelations among intellectual abilities were highly positive and did not follow the mechanic-pragmatic distinction. Sociobiographical indicators were less closely linked to intellectual functioning than sensory-sensorimotor variables, which predicted 59% of the total reliable variance in general intelligence. Results suggest that aging-induced biological factors are a prominent source of individual differences in intelligence in old and very old age.
本研究记录了来自柏林老龄研究（N = 516）中老年人和高龄老人（70 - 103岁）智力能力的年龄趋势、相互关系及相关因素。使用14项测试评估5种能力：机械性（广义流体）领域的推理、记忆和感知速度，以及实用性（广义晶体）领域的知识和流畅性。智力能力与年龄呈负线性关系，机械性能力的年龄下降比实用性能力更明显。智力能力之间的相互关系高度正相关，且不遵循机械性 - 实用性的区分。社会传记指标与智力功能的联系不如感觉 - 感觉运动变量紧密，感觉 - 感觉运动变量预测了一般智力中59%的总可靠方差。结果表明，衰老引发的生物学因素是老年人和高龄老人智力个体差异的一个突出来源。
