Blackburn M W, Calloway D H
J Am Diet Assoc. 1976 Jul;69(1):29-37.
Activity patterns, energy expenditure, and energy and protein consumption of mature women were determined during preganncy and lactation. Homemakers of average economic status from a mixed population were not significantly more active than teenage women, but the range of activities was greater. Average energy output for the latter half of gestation was 2,200 to 2,300 kcal per day; per unit of body weight, the mean was 32.5 +/- 4 kcal per kilogram for the twenty-week period. A small decline of 6 per cent in energy expenditure was noted near term. Allowing for deposition of fetal and material tissue, the average metabolizable energy need for this group was about 35 to 36 kcal per kilogram for the latter half of pregnancy. These data show that a pregnant woman of reference body weight (68 kg.) may vary in energy output by 800 to 900 kcal per day, depending on occupation. Homemakers with small children and especially those who work outside the home constitute a high energy work category. Thus, the need for considering work pace and work load, as well as body mass, in estimating the energy requirement during pregnancy was confirmed. Average daily energy intake reported was 1,955 kcal or 28.5 kcal per kilogram for the latter half of gestation. A mean protein intake of 1.17 gm. per kilogram per day represented 17 per cent of gross energy consumed. It is questionable whether the energy level consumed by these women was sufficient to maintain positive nitrogen balance on the days recorded. Lactating homemakers expended an average of 30 kcal per kilogram per day, exclusive of milk production. Energy intake was 30 kcal per kilogram, and was equal to 74 per cent of need when adjusted for milk production. Non-lactating women expended 34 kcal per kilogram per day, 13 per cent above the values for lactating women. Average energy intake of non-lactating women was 19 kcal per kilogram, with protein intake representing 19 per cent of energy consumed for both groups.
对成熟女性在孕期和哺乳期的活动模式、能量消耗以及能量和蛋白质摄入情况进行了测定。来自混合人群、经济状况一般的家庭主妇，其活动量并不显著高于青少年女性，但活动范围更广。妊娠后半期的平均能量输出为每天2200至2300千卡；按体重单位计算，在20周期间平均为每千克体重32.5±4千卡。临近足月时，能量消耗有6%的小幅下降。考虑到胎儿和母体组织的沉积，该组妊娠后半期的平均可代谢能量需求约为每千克体重35至36千卡。这些数据表明，参考体重为68千克的孕妇，其能量输出每天可能相差800至900千卡，具体取决于职业。有小孩的家庭主妇，尤其是那些外出工作的，属于高能量工作类别。因此，证实了在估计孕期能量需求时，需要考虑工作节奏、工作量以及体重。妊娠后半期报告的平均每日能量摄入量为1955千卡，即每千克体重28.5千卡。平均蛋白质摄入量为每天每千克体重1.17克，占总能量消耗的17%。在记录的日子里，这些女性消耗的能量水平是否足以维持正氮平衡，这值得怀疑。哺乳期家庭主妇平均每天每千克体重消耗30千卡能量，不包括产奶量。能量摄入量为每千克体重30千卡，经产奶量调整后，相当于需求的74%。非哺乳期女性每天每千克体重消耗34千卡能量，比哺乳期女性的值高13%。非哺乳期女性的平均能量摄入量为每千克体重19千卡，两组的蛋白质摄入量均占能量消耗的19%。
