Maki J H, Chenevert T L, Prince M R
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, USA.
Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1996 Dec;8(6):322-44.
Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is a relatively new technique that uses the transient shortening in blood T1 following the intravenous injection of gadolinium chelates to image blood vessels irrespective of flow. For many applications, 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography is developing into a safe, fast, and cost-effective alternative to conventional diagnostic angiography. One of its biggest advantages over other MR angiography techniques (and CT angiography) is the ability to image in a plane parallel to the vessel of interest. This feature, combined with the inherent properties of a 3D gradient refocused sequence, make 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography intrinsically fast, high resolution and free from saturation and turbulence-related artifacts. This article is designed to familiarize the reader with the theory of 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography and the application of the technique to different vascular territories. Contrast agents, relaxation effects, contrast bolus effects, pulse sequences, artifacts, and post-processing, as well as the present state of thinking with regard to optimal contrast injection timing/detection and Fourier space mapping are discussed. Patient preparation and techniques and imaging parameters for body applications of gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography, including aorta, renal arteries, mesenteric arteries, portal venous system, pelvis and legs, pulmonary arteries, and carotid arteries are included.
三维对比增强磁共振（MR）血管造影术是一项相对较新的技术，它利用静脉注射钆螯合物后血液T1的短暂缩短来对血管成像，而不考虑血流情况。对于许多应用而言，三维对比增强MR血管造影术正发展成为传统诊断性血管造影术的一种安全、快速且经济高效的替代方法。与其他MR血管造影技术（以及CT血管造影）相比，其最大优势之一在于能够在与感兴趣血管平行的平面上成像。这一特性与三维梯度重聚焦序列的固有特性相结合，使得三维对比增强MR血管造影术本质上具有快速、高分辨率且无饱和及湍流相关伪影的特点。本文旨在使读者熟悉三维对比增强MR血管造影术的理论以及该技术在不同血管区域的应用。文中讨论了对比剂、弛豫效应、对比剂团注效应、脉冲序列、伪影和后处理，以及关于最佳对比剂注射时机/检测和傅里叶空间映射的当前思维状态。还包括钆增强MR血管造影术在身体各部位应用的患者准备、技术和成像参数，包括主动脉、肾动脉、肠系膜动脉、门静脉系统、骨盆和腿部、肺动脉以及颈动脉。
