Cloninger C R, Svrakic N M, Svrakic D M
Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 1997 Fall;9(4):881-906. doi: 10.1017/s095457949700148x.
Normal and abnormal personality development can be quantified in terms of 15 specific steps in the self-organization of character as a complex adaptive system. Character is measured as three dimensions of Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, each with five components corresponding to steps in personality development. Each of these steps is differentially influenced by heritable temperament dimensions, antecedent steps in character development, and life experiences. Predictions about the nonlinear dynamics of personality development, such as equifinality and multifinality, are confirmed in longitudinal data about individuals representative of the general population. The stepwise development of character determines large differences between individuals in their risk of psychopathology, as well as varying degrees of maturity and health.
正常和异常的人格发展可以根据性格自组织作为一个复杂适应系统的15个具体步骤进行量化。性格被测量为自我导向、合作性和自我超越三个维度，每个维度有五个对应于人格发展步骤的组成部分。这些步骤中的每一个都受到遗传气质维度、性格发展的前期步骤和生活经历的不同影响。关于人格发展的非线性动力学的预测，如等效性和多终性，在代表一般人群的个体的纵向数据中得到证实。性格的逐步发展决定了个体在精神病理学风险方面的巨大差异，以及不同程度的成熟度和健康状况。
