Smith C J, Livingston S D, Doolittle D J
Bowman Gray Technical Center, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA.
Food Chem Toxicol. 1997 Oct-Nov;35(10-11):1107-30. doi: 10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00063-x.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) currently lists 44 individual chemical agents, 12 groups or mixtures of chemicals and 13 exposure circumstances as "Group 1 human carcinogens". A comprehensive search of the published literature revealed that nine of the 44 chemical agents classified as "Group I carcinogens" by IARC have been reported to occur in mainstream cigarette smoke. The other 35 have never been reported to occur in cigarette smoke. The nine agents reported are benzene, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, 2-naphthyl-amine, vinyl chloride, 4-aminobiphenyl and beryllium. The reported yields of each of these nine agents in mainstream smoke varies widely. The range of yields reported for a given compound is influenced by the type of cigarette tested and when the analysis was conducted. In micrograms/cigarette, the ranges that have been reported for each of the nine compounds are: benzene (0.05-104), cadmium (0-6.67), arsenic (0-1.4), nickel (0-0.51), chromium (0.0002-0.5), 2-naphthylamine (0.0002-0.022), vinyl chloride (0.0013-0.0158), 4-aminobiphenyl (0.00019-0.005) and beryllium (0-0.0005). Although some of the variation in reported yields may be due to differences in analytical methodology, several correlations between the yield of a particular chemical in mainstream smoke and certain cigarette characteristics were observed. For example, charcoal filtration was associated with reduced vinyl chloride, and the concentration of sodium nitrate in the tobacco was positively correlated with the mainstream yield of both 2-naphthylamine and 4-aminobiphenyl. Benzene yield in mainstream cigarette smoke was correlated with the amount of tobacco burned and with the 'tar' level. Agronomic factors such as production practices and soil characteristics, and environmental conditions such as rainfall, reportedly influence the accumulation of metals, for example, cadmium, beryllium, chromium, nickel and arsenic, in the leaf. The use of fertilizers low in nitrate and heavy metals would be expected to substantially reduce the yields of most of the "IARC Group 1 carcinogens" reported to occur in mainstream cigarette smoke. Additionally, modifications in cigarette design, for instance, the use of enhanced charcoal filters or heated instead of burned tobacco, would also be expected to reduce the yields of several of these agents.
国际癌症研究机构（IARC）目前将44种单独的化学物质、12组化学物质或混合物以及13种暴露情况列为“第1组人类致癌物”。对已发表文献的全面检索显示，IARC归类为“第1组致癌物”的44种化学物质中有9种已被报道存在于主流香烟烟雾中。另外35种从未被报道存在于香烟烟雾中。报道的9种物质为苯、镉、砷、镍、铬、2-萘胺、氯乙烯、4-氨基联苯和铍。这9种物质在主流烟雾中的报道产量差异很大。给定化合物报道产量的范围受所测试香烟类型以及分析时间的影响。以微克/支香烟计，这9种化合物各自报道的产量范围为：苯（0.05 - 104）、镉（0 - 6.67）、砷（0 - 1.4）、镍（0 - 0.51）、铬（0.0002 - 0.5）、2-萘胺（0.0002 - 0.022）、氯乙烯（0.0013 - 0.0158）、4-氨基联苯（0.00019 - 0.005）和铍（0 - 0.0005）。尽管报道产量的一些差异可能归因于分析方法的不同，但观察到主流烟雾中特定化学物质的产量与某些香烟特性之间存在若干相关性。例如，活性炭过滤与氯乙烯产量降低有关，烟草中硝酸钠的浓度与2-萘胺和4-氨基联苯的主流产量呈正相关。主流香烟烟雾中的苯产量与燃烧的烟草量以及“焦油”水平相关。据报道，诸如生产实践和土壤特性等农艺因素以及诸如降雨等环境条件会影响叶片中金属（例如镉、铍、铬、镍和砷）的积累。预计使用低硝酸盐和重金属的肥料将大幅降低据报道存在于主流香烟烟雾中的大多数“IARC第1组致癌物”的产量。此外，香烟设计的改进，例如使用增强型活性炭过滤嘴或采用加热而非燃烧烟草的方式，预计也会降低其中几种物质的产量。
