Lanphear B P, Burgoon D A, Rust S W, Eberly S, Galke W
Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York, USA.
Environ Res. 1998 Feb;76(2):120-30. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1997.3801.
Lead-contaminated water, soil, and paint have been recognized as potential sources of children's lead exposure for decades, but their contributions to lead intake among urban children remain poorly defined. This analysis was undertaken to estimate the relationship of environmental lead exposures to lead intake among a random sample of urban children, adjusted for exposure to lead-contaminated house dust. Analyses of 183 urban children enrolled in a random sample, cross sectional study were conducted. Children's blood and multiple measures of household dust, water, soil, and paint were analyzed for lead, and interviews were conducted to ascertain risk factors for childhood lead exposure. Environmental sources of lead, including house-dust, soil lead, and water lead, were independently associated with children's blood lead levels. In contrast, paint lead levels did not have a significant effect on blood lead levels after adjusting for other environmental exposures. An increase in water lead concentration from background levels to 0.015 mg/L, the current EPA water lead standard, was associated with an increase of 13.7% in the percentage of children estimated to have a blood lead concentration exceeding 10 micrograms/dL; increasing soil lead concentration from background to 400 micrograms/g was estimated to produce an increase of 11.6% in the percentage of children estimated to have a blood lead level exceeding 10 micrograms/dL, and increasing dust lead loading from background to 200 micrograms/ft2 is estimated to produce an increase of 23.3% in the percentage of children estimated to have a blood lead level exceeding 10 micrograms/dL. These data support the promulgation of health-based standards for lead-contaminated dust and soil and the progressive lowering of standards for lead-contaminated water as the definition of undue lead exposure has been modified.
数十年来，铅污染的水、土壤和油漆一直被视为儿童铅暴露的潜在来源，但它们对城市儿童铅摄入量的影响仍未明确界定。本分析旨在估计环境铅暴露与城市儿童随机样本中铅摄入量之间的关系，并对接触铅污染房屋灰尘的情况进行调整。对183名参与随机抽样横断面研究的城市儿童进行了分析。对儿童的血液以及家庭灰尘、水、土壤和油漆的多项指标进行了铅含量分析，并进行了访谈以确定儿童铅暴露的风险因素。包括房屋灰尘、土壤铅和水铅在内的环境铅来源与儿童血铅水平独立相关。相比之下，在调整其他环境暴露因素后，油漆铅含量对血铅水平没有显著影响。将水铅浓度从背景水平提高到0.015毫克/升（当前美国环境保护局的水铅标准），估计血铅浓度超过10微克/分升的儿童百分比将增加13.7%；将土壤铅浓度从背景水平提高到400微克/克，估计血铅水平超过10微克/分升的儿童百分比将增加11.6%；将灰尘铅负荷从背景水平提高到200微克/平方英尺，估计血铅水平超过10微克/分升的儿童百分比将增加23.3%。随着对不当铅暴露定义的修改，这些数据支持颁布基于健康的铅污染灰尘和土壤标准，并逐步降低铅污染水的标准。
