Extrinsic modulation of spike afterpotentials in rat hypothalamoneurohypophysial neurons.

1. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the rat hypothalamus adopt a phasic pattern of spike discharge under conditions demanding enhanced vasopressin release, such as during dehydration or hemorrhage. The emergence of phasic firing minimizes the occurrence of secretory fatigue from the axon terminals of MNCs, thereby maximizing vasopressin release from the neurohypophysis. 2. Intracellular and whole-cell recordings from hypothalamic slices or explants in vitro have shown that phasic firing is supported by the presence of a plateau potential which arises from the summation of spike depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs). Modulatory actions of neurotransmitters on the amplitude of the DAP, therefore, represent possible mechanisms by which the expression of phasic firing may be regulated in vivo. 3. Here we review the basis for phasic firing in MNCs of the rat supraoptic nucleus and present recent findings concerning the direct and indirect mechanisms through which selected neurotransmitters have been found to regulate the amplitude of DAPs.