Codón A C, Benítez T, Korhola M
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Sevilla Spain.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1998 Feb;49(2):154-63. doi: 10.1007/s002530051152.
Several industrial Saccharomyces strains, including bakers', wine, brewers' and distillers' yeasts, have been characterized with regards to their DNA content, chromosomal polymorphism and homologies with the DNA of laboratory strains. Measurement of the DNA contents of cells suggested that most of the industrial yeasts were aneuploids. Polymorphisms in the electrophoretic chromosomal pattern were so large that each strain could be individually identified. However, no specific changes relating to a particular group were observed. Hybridization using different probes from laboratory strains was very strong in all cases, indicating that all industrial strains possess a high degree of DNA homology with laboratory yeasts. Probes URA3, CUP1, LEU2, TRP1, GAL4 or ADC1 demonstrated the presence of one or two bands, two especially in bakers' strains. Also, results indicate that all hybridized genes are located on the same chromosomes both in laboratory and industrial strains. Translocation from chromosome VIII to XVI seems to have occurred in a distillers' strain, judging by the location of the CUP1 probe. Finally, when the SUC2 probe is used, results indicate a very widespread presence of the SUC genes in only bakers' and molasses alcohol distillers' strains. This clearly suggests that amplification of SUC genes is an adaptive mechanism conferring better fitness upon the strains in their specific industrial conditions. The widespread presence of Ty1 and Ty2 elements as well as Y' subtelomeric sequences could account for the inter- and intrachromosomal changes detected.
几种工业酿酒酵母菌株，包括面包酵母、葡萄酒酵母、啤酒酵母和蒸馏酒酵母，已就其DNA含量、染色体多态性以及与实验室菌株DNA的同源性进行了表征。细胞DNA含量的测量表明，大多数工业酵母是非整倍体。电泳染色体模式中的多态性非常大，以至于每个菌株都可以单独识别。然而，未观察到与特定群体相关的具体变化。在所有情况下，使用来自实验室菌株的不同探针进行杂交都非常强烈，这表明所有工业菌株与实验室酵母都具有高度的DNA同源性。探针URA3、CUP1、LEU2、TRP1、GAL4或ADC1显示出一条或两条条带的存在，特别是在面包酵母菌株中有两条。此外，结果表明，在实验室菌株和工业菌株中，所有杂交基因都位于相同的染色体上。根据CUP1探针的位置判断，蒸馏酒酵母菌株中似乎发生了从第八条染色体到第十六条染色体的易位。最后，当使用SUC2探针时，结果表明SUC基因仅在面包酵母和糖蜜酒精蒸馏酒酵母菌株中广泛存在。这清楚地表明，SUC基因的扩增是一种适应性机制，可使菌株在其特定的工业条件下具有更好的适应性。Ty1和Ty2元件以及Y'亚端粒序列的广泛存在可以解释所检测到的染色体间和染色体内的变化。
