Mielke H W, Reagan P L
Institute for Bioenvironmental Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans 70125, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):217-29. doi: 10.1289/ehp.98106s1217.
This review shows the equal or greater importance of leaded gasoline-contaminated dust compared to lead-based paint to the child lead problem, and that soil lead, resulting from leaded gasoline and pulverized lead-based paint, is at least or more important than lead-based paint (intact and not pulverized) as a pathway of human lead exposure. Because lead-based paint is a high-dose source, the biologically relevant dosage is similar to lead in soil. Both lead-based paint and soil lead are associated with severe lead poisoning. Leaded gasoline and lead in food, but not lead-based paint, are strongly associated with population blood lead levels in both young children and adults. Soil lead and house dust, but not lead-based paint, are associated with population blood lead levels in children. Most soil lead and house dust are associated with leaded gasoline. Lead-based paint dust is associated with cases of renovation of either exterior or interior environments in which the paint was pulverized. Based upon the limited data to date, abatement of soil lead is more effective than abatement of lead-based paint in reducing blood lead levels of young children. About equal numbers of children under 7 years of age are exposed to soil lead and lead-based paint. Seasonality studies point to soil lead as the main source of population blood lead levels. Soil lead is a greater risk factor than lead-based paint to children engaged in hand-to-mouth and pica behavior. In summary, soil lead is important for addressing the population of children at risk of lead poisoning. When soil lead is acknowledged by regulators and the public health community as an important pathway of human lead exposure, then more effective opportunities for improving primary lead prevention can become a reality.
这篇综述表明，与含铅油漆相比，含铅汽油污染的灰尘对儿童铅问题的重要性相当或更大，并且由含铅汽油和粉碎的含铅油漆产生的土壤铅作为人类铅暴露途径至少与含铅油漆（完整而非粉碎的）同样重要或更重要。由于含铅油漆是高剂量来源，其生物学相关剂量与土壤中的铅相似。含铅油漆和土壤铅都与严重铅中毒有关。含铅汽油和食物中的铅，而非含铅油漆，与幼儿和成人的人群血铅水平密切相关。土壤铅和室内灰尘，而非含铅油漆，与儿童的人群血铅水平有关。大多数土壤铅和室内灰尘与含铅汽油有关。含铅油漆灰尘与油漆被粉碎的室内外环境翻新案例有关。根据迄今为止的有限数据，减少土壤铅比减少含铅油漆在降低幼儿血铅水平方面更有效。7岁以下接触土壤铅和含铅油漆的儿童数量大致相等。季节性研究表明土壤铅是人群血铅水平的主要来源。对于有手口接触和异食癖行为的儿童，土壤铅比含铅油漆是更大的风险因素。总之，土壤铅对于解决有铅中毒风险的儿童群体问题很重要。当监管机构和公共卫生界承认土壤铅是人类铅暴露的重要途径时，那么改善一级铅预防的更有效机会就能成为现实。
