Zapf D, Dormann C, Frese M
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Konstanz, Germany.
J Occup Health Psychol. 1996 Apr;1(2):145-69. doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.1.2.145.
Demonstrating causal relationships has been of particular importance in organizational stress research. Longitudinal studies are typically suggested to overcome problems of reversed causation and third variables (e.g., social desirability and negative affectivity). This article reviews the empirical longitudinal literature and discusses designs and statistical methods used in these studies. Forty-three longitudinal field reports on organizational stress were identified. Most of the investigations used a 2-wave panel design and a hierarchical multiple regression approach. Six studies with 3 and more waves were found. About 50% of the studies analyzed potential strain-stressor (reversed causation) relationships. In about 33% of the studies there was some evidence of reverse causation. The power of longitudinal studies to rule out third variable explanations was not realized in many studies. Procedures of how to analyze longitudinal data are suggested.
在组织压力研究中，证明因果关系一直尤为重要。通常建议采用纵向研究来克服因果倒置和第三变量（如社会期望和消极情感）的问题。本文回顾了实证纵向文献，并讨论了这些研究中使用的设计和统计方法。共识别出43篇关于组织压力的纵向实地报告。大多数调查采用两波面板设计和分层多元回归方法。发现了六项有三波及以上的研究。约50%的研究分析了潜在的压力源-压力（因果倒置）关系。在约33%的研究中，有一些因果倒置的证据。许多研究并未实现纵向研究排除第三变量解释的能力。文中提出了如何分析纵向数据的程序。
