Manzey D, Lorenz B, Poljakov V
Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
Ergonomics. 1998 Apr;41(4):537-59. doi: 10.1080/001401398186991.
During their stay in a space habitat, astronauts are exposed to many different stressors that may entail detrimental effects on mood and performance. In order to monitor the effects of the space environment on different human information processing functions during an extraordinary long-term space mission, the cognitive. visuo-motor and time-sharing performance of one Russian cosmonaut was repeatedly assessed (29 times) during his 438-day stay in space. The performance tasks used were chosen from the AGARD-STRES battery and included grammatical reasoning, Sternberg memory-search, unstable tracking, and a dual-tasks consisting of unstable tracking with concurrent memory-search. In addition to performance assessment, several subjective ratings concerning mood and workload were collected. Comparisons of pre-flight, in-flight, post-flight and two follow-up assessments 6 months after the mission revealed, (1) no impairments of basic cognitive functions during the flight, (2) clear impairments of mood, feelings of raised workload, and disturbances of tracking performance and time-sharing during the first 3 weeks in space and the first 2 weeks after return to Earth, (3) an impressive stability of mood and performance during the second to fourteenth month in space, where mood and performance had returned to pre-flight baseline level, and (4) no long-lasting performance deficits at follow-up assessments. From these results it is concluded that the first 3 weeks of long-term spaceflights and the first 2 weeks back on Earth represent critical periods where adverse effects on attentional processes are to be expected, induced by the demands to adjust to the extreme environmental changes. The stability of mood and performance observed after successful adaptation to the space environment indicates that mental efficiency and emotional state can be maintained on a level as high as on Earth even during extraordinary long-term space missions.
在太空栖息地停留期间，宇航员会暴露于许多不同的应激源中，这些应激源可能会对情绪和表现产生不利影响。为了监测在超长的长期太空任务期间太空环境对人类不同信息处理功能的影响，对一名俄罗斯宇航员在其438天太空停留期间的认知、视觉运动和时间共享表现进行了多次评估（29次）。所使用的表现任务选自AGARD - STRES测试组，包括语法推理、斯特恩伯格记忆搜索、不稳定跟踪，以及一项由不稳定跟踪与并发记忆搜索组成的双重任务。除了表现评估外，还收集了一些关于情绪和工作量的主观评分。对飞行前、飞行中、飞行后以及任务后6个月的两次随访评估进行比较发现：（1）飞行期间基本认知功能无损害；（2）在太空的前3周和返回地球后的前2周，情绪明显受损、工作量增加的感觉以及跟踪表现和时间共享受到干扰；（3）在太空的第二个月至第十四个月期间，情绪和表现令人印象深刻地保持稳定，此时情绪和表现已恢复到飞行前基线水平；（4）随访评估中没有长期的表现缺陷。从这些结果可以得出结论，长期太空飞行的前3周和回到地球后的前2周是关键时期，预计会因适应极端环境变化的需求而对注意力过程产生不利影响。成功适应太空环境后观察到的情绪和表现的稳定性表明，即使在超长的长期太空任务期间，心理效率和情绪状态也可以维持在与地球上一样高的水平。
