Manzey D, Lorenz T B, Heuers H, Sangals J
Abteilung für Luft- und Raumfahrtpsychologie, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR), Hamburg, Germany.
Ergonomics. 2000 May;43(5):589-609. doi: 10.1080/001401300184279.
Studies of human performance during spaceflight have consistently revealed degradations of manual tracking performance in space. The present investigation analysed these performance decrements in more detail by applying frequency-response analyses of tracking performance. It was hypothesized that tracking impairments result from two factors: at an early adaptation phase in space they primarily reflect effects of microgravity on human visuo-motor processes, whereas later into the mission they are also caused by impairments of attentional processes induced by cumulative workload and fatigue. In order to investigate this hypothesis, performance of one cosmonaut in a first-order unstable tracking task was repeatedly assessed before, during and after a 20-day space mission. Single-case statistical analyses revealed the following effects: tracking performance declined at the first assessment in space and in two later inflight sessions compared to pre-flight baseline. Whereas the early tracking decrement was mainly due to an increase of the effective time-delay during tracking and accompanied by only minor changes of mood or workload, one of the later inflight impairments was due to an increase of effective time-delay, a decreased tracking gain, and an increase of tracking remnant, and both were associated with considerably higher workload ratings. This pattern of effects supports the two-factor hypothesis.
对太空飞行期间人类表现的研究一直表明，太空中手动跟踪性能会下降。本研究通过应用跟踪性能的频率响应分析，更详细地分析了这些性能下降情况。研究假设跟踪障碍由两个因素导致：在太空的早期适应阶段，它们主要反映微重力对人类视觉运动过程的影响，而在任务后期，它们也由累积工作量和疲劳引起的注意力过程受损所致。为了验证这一假设，在一次为期20天的太空任务之前、期间和之后，对一名宇航员在一阶不稳定跟踪任务中的表现进行了反复评估。单案例统计分析揭示了以下影响：与飞行前基线相比，在太空的首次评估以及随后的两次飞行中评估时，跟踪性能下降。早期跟踪下降主要是由于跟踪期间有效时间延迟增加，且仅伴有情绪或工作量的轻微变化，而后期飞行中的一次障碍是由于有效时间延迟增加、跟踪增益降低和跟踪残余增加，且两者都与明显更高的工作量评级相关。这种影响模式支持了双因素假设。
