Ferrario V F, Sforza C, Poggio C E, Schmitz J H
Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
Anat Rec. 1998 Apr;250(4):480-7. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199804)250:4<480::AID-AR12>3.0.CO;2-K.
To describe normal soft tissue growth and development of the human face through volume changes and to assess the presence of sexual dimorphism.
Facial landmark identifications (2,023) were performed on 1,347 healthy Caucasian children and adolescents, ages 6-18 yr, and young adults, ages 19-32 yr. Three-dimensional coordinates of 22 facial landmarks were collected by automated infrared photogrammetry. Facial volumes and selected linear distances and ratios were calculated and averaged for age and sex.
Whereas in females in the 14-15 age group, the face had almost completed its growth relative to the adult group, in males a large increase was still to occur, in general agreement with previous reports on craniofacial growth, which suggested a strong tendency in males for growth to continue for several years beyond that seen in females. The male vs. female comparison reflected the different growth patterns. On average, within each age group volumes were significantly larger in males than in females, with some exceptions in the 11-12 age group, where female growth velocity showed a spurt. Sexual dimorphism in facial volume did not appear in different parts of the face to the same extent: a large part of male facial volume preponderance occurred in the lower third of the face.
From 6 yr of age to adulthood, facial soft tissues increased their volumes by >40%, with different growth patterns in boys and girls.
通过体积变化描述人类面部正常软组织的生长发育，并评估性别差异的存在情况。
对1347名年龄在6至18岁的健康白种儿童、青少年以及19至32岁的青年成人进行面部标志点识别（共2023个）。通过自动红外摄影测量法收集22个面部标志点的三维坐标。计算面部体积以及选定的线性距离和比例，并按年龄和性别进行平均。
在14至15岁年龄组的女性中，面部相对于成年组几乎已完成生长，而男性仍有大幅增长，这与先前关于颅面生长的报告总体一致，该报告表明男性有强烈的生长趋势，会持续数年超过女性。男性与女性的比较反映了不同的生长模式。平均而言，在每个年龄组中，男性的面部体积显著大于女性，但在11至12岁年龄组有一些例外，该组女性生长速度出现激增。面部体积的性别差异在面部不同部位的表现程度不同：男性面部体积优势的很大一部分出现在面部下三分之一处。
从6岁到成年，面部软组织体积增加超过40%，男孩和女孩有不同的生长模式。
