Ferrario V F, Sforza C, Poggio C E, Schmitz J H, Colombo A
Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1997 Apr-Jun;17(2):86-95.
The object of this investigation was to determine whether children of the same age with different headforms differ in their three-dimensional soft-tissue facial characteristics. The three-dimensional coordinates of 22 standardized facial landmarks were automatically collected in a sample of 70 boys and 71 girls age 11 to 13 years attending a junior high school. From the collected landmarks, several three-dimensional facial angles, linear distances, linear distance ratios, and volumes were calculated. For each subject the cephalic index (maximal head breadth/ maximal head length x 100) was computed and three groups of measurements for each sex were obtained (dolicho-, meso- and brachycephalic). A two-way factorial analysis of variance compared the effects of sex and headform, and the interaction sex x headform. On average, boys had significantly (P < or = 0.05) longer and wider faces than girls, with a larger lower third facial volume relative to middle third facial volume. A significant (P < or = 0.05) effect of headform over facial morphology was found for all angles with a prevalent axial orientation. Conversely, no effect was demonstrated for angles with a sagittal orientation, nor for any other considered parameters. For each sex, the dolichocephalic children had smaller values than the brachycephalic children (i.e., more convex faces in the left-right direction), while the mesocephalic children had intermediate values. No sex x headform interactions were found. Results confirm that a different headform (skull) is associated with a different three-dimensional facial morphology (combined effect of skull and soft tissues), but without size differences.
本研究的目的是确定具有不同头型的同龄儿童在三维软组织面部特征上是否存在差异。在一所初中就读的70名11至13岁男孩和71名女孩的样本中，自动采集了22个标准化面部标志点的三维坐标。根据采集到的标志点，计算了几个三维面部角度、线性距离、线性距离比和体积。为每个受试者计算头指数（最大头宽/最大头长×100），并为每个性别获得三组测量值（长头型、中头型和短头型）。采用双向析因方差分析比较性别和头型的影响以及性别×头型的交互作用。平均而言，男孩的脸比女孩更长更宽，相对于中面部体积，下三分之一面部体积更大。对于所有具有普遍轴向取向的角度，发现头型对面部形态有显著（P≤0.05）影响。相反，对于矢状取向的角度以及任何其他考虑的参数，均未显示出影响。对于每个性别，长头型儿童的值比短头型儿童小（即左右方向的面部更凸），而中头型儿童的值介于两者之间。未发现性别×头型的交互作用。结果证实，不同的头型（颅骨）与不同的三维面部形态（颅骨和软组织的综合效应）相关，但不存在大小差异。
