Ferrario V F, Sforza C, Poggio C E, Schmitz J H
Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1998 Jul-Sep;18(3):138-49.
Normal facial growth and development was analyzed through indirect anthropometry in a mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional investigation; 2,023 examinations were performed on 1,156 healthy Caucasian children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years of age and on 191 young adults. Three-dimensional coordinates of 22 facial landmarks were collected with the Three-Dimensional Facial Morphometry method by automated infrared photogrammetry. Selected three-dimensional parameters (linear distances, angles, and a ratio), describing facial height, width, depth, and convexity on the horizontal plane, were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Within each age group, most linear distances were significantly larger in males than in females, with some exceptions in the 11 to 12 age group, where female growth velocity showed a spurt. In females of the 14 to 15 age group the face had almost completed growth; in males of the same age group, a large increase was still to occur to attain adult values. The sexual dimorphism of the parameters calculated did not appear in the different parts of the face to the same extent: a large part of male facial preponderance occurred in the lower third of face. From 6 years of age to adulthood, the soft-tissues in the facial lower third increased by about 23% (males) and 17% (females), in the middle third by about 18% (males) and 13% (females), and in the upper third by about 16% (males) and 9% (females). The male vs. female comparisons within each age group suggested a sexual dimorphism in the timing of soft-tissue facial growth, but an overall similar attainment of different adult dimensions.
在一项纵向与横断面混合的研究中，通过间接人体测量法分析了正常面部生长发育情况；对1156名6至17岁的健康白种儿童和青少年以及191名年轻成年人进行了2023次检查。采用自动红外摄影测量法的三维面部形态测量法收集了22个面部标志点的三维坐标。计算并平均了描述面部高度、宽度、深度和水平面上凸度的选定三维参数（线性距离、角度和一个比率），按年龄和性别进行统计。在每个年龄组中，大多数线性距离男性显著大于女性，但11至12岁年龄组有一些例外，该组女性生长速度出现突增。14至15岁年龄组的女性面部生长几乎完成；同一年龄组的男性仍有大幅增长才能达到成人水平。计算出的参数的性别二态性在面部不同部位的表现程度不同：男性面部优势的很大一部分出现在面部下三分之一处。从6岁到成年，面部下三分之一的软组织男性增加约23%，女性增加约17%；中三分之一男性增加约18%，女性增加约13%；上三分之一男性增加约16%，女性增加约9%。每个年龄组内男性与女性的比较表明，面部软组织生长时间存在性别二态性，但不同成人尺寸的总体达成情况相似。
