Halling-Sørensen B, Nors Nielsen S, Lanzky P F, Ingerslev F, Holten Lützhøft H C, Jørgensen S E
Section of Environmental Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Chemosphere. 1998 Jan;36(2):357-93. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00354-8.
Medical substances (pharmaceuticals) are a group of substances that until recently have been exposed to the environment with very little attention. The reason why they may be interesting as environmental micropollutants, is that medical substances are developed with the intention of performing a biological effect. Especially antibiotics used as growth promoters, as feed additives in fish farms are anticipated to end up in the environment. Very little is known about the exposure routes of the medical substances to the environment. Only few investigations have reported findings of medical substances in other field samples than sediment or treated waste water samples. Several substances seem to be persistent in the environment. This paper outlines the different anticipated exposure routes to the environment, summarises the legislation on the subject and gives an outline of present knowledge of occurrence, fate and effect on both the aquatic and terrestrial environments of medical substances. Present knowledge does not reveal if regular therapeutic use may be the source of a substance carried by sewage effluent into the aquatic system, even though clofibrate, a lipid lowering agent, has been identified in ground and tap water samples from Berlin. Further research would be necessary to assess the environmental risk involved in exposing medical substances and metabolites to the environment.
医药物质（药物）是一类直到最近才受到极少关注就被排放到环境中的物质。它们作为环境微污染物可能令人关注的原因在于，医药物质的研发目的是发挥生物学效应。特别是用作生长促进剂的抗生素，作为养鱼场的饲料添加剂，预计最终会进入环境。人们对医药物质进入环境的途径知之甚少。只有少数研究报告了在沉积物或处理后的废水样本之外的其他野外样本中发现医药物质的情况。有几种物质似乎在环境中具有持久性。本文概述了医药物质进入环境的不同预期途径，总结了关于该主题的立法，并概述了目前有关医药物质在水生和陆地环境中的存在、归宿及影响的知识。目前的知识并未揭示常规治疗用途是否可能是污水排放物带入水生系统的某种物质的来源，尽管在柏林的地下水和自来水样本中已检测到降脂药物氯贝丁酯。有必要开展进一步研究，以评估医药物质及其代谢产物进入环境所涉及的环境风险。
