Winkelmann I, Romanov G N, Goloshapov P, Gesewsky P, Mundigl S, Buchröder H, Thomas M, Brummer C, Burkart W
Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection, Berlin/Neuherberg, Germany.
Radiat Environ Biophys. 1998 Apr;37(1):57-61. doi: 10.1007/s004110050093.
A region between Chelyabinsk and Ekaterinburg in the Southern Urals has been heavily contaminated due to operational and accidental releases from the first Soviet plutonium production facility Mayak. In 1992 and 1993, the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection organized a measuring campaign involving two Russian institutes to assist with the validation of former Soviet measurement data. The results of this measuring campaign are reported here. Environmental samples were collected from areas affected by significant radioactive releases into the Techa river, which started in 1948, and by fallout from the explosion of a fission product storage tank in 1957. Soil, sediment, water, milk and food samples were independently analysed for 90Sr, 137Cs and plutonium by the three institutes involved. This paper presents data on the present levels of environmental radioactivity. The highest contamination of areas accessible to the local population was found in the vicinity of the Techa river around Muslumovo. Activity concentration of floodplain samples reached up to 37,000 Bq.kg-1 137Cs, 5,600 Bq.kg-1 90Sr and 9.9 Bq.kg-1 Pu. Milk and potatoes from private farms in Muslumovo showed low activity in the range from 0.7 Bq.kg-1 to 25 Bq.kg-1 90Sr. The results of the three independent measurement teams showed sufficient agreement. One Russian laboratory obtained plutonium activities that exceeded the results of the other laboratories by about 20%. Contrary to the International Chernobyl Project, there was no overestimation of 90Sr activities in the Russian analyses. Therefore, the validity of earlier data sets acquired with same methodology and quality control can be considered a valuable basis for further assessments and for dose reconstruction in epidemiological projects.
由于苏联首个钚生产设施玛雅克的运行及意外排放，南乌拉尔车里雅宾斯克和叶卡捷琳堡之间的一个地区受到了严重污染。1992年和1993年，德国联邦辐射防护办公室组织了一次测量活动，有两个俄罗斯机构参与，以协助验证前苏联的测量数据。本文报告了这次测量活动的结果。环境样本采集自受大量放射性物质排放影响的地区，这些排放始于1948年，排入捷恰河，以及1957年一个裂变产物储存罐爆炸产生的沉降物影响的地区。参与的三个机构分别对土壤、沉积物、水、牛奶和食物样本中的90锶、137铯和钚进行了独立分析。本文展示了当前环境放射性水平的数据。在穆斯卢莫沃附近的捷恰河周边地区，发现当地居民可进入区域的污染最为严重。河漫滩样本的活度浓度高达37,000贝克勒尔/千克137铯、5,600贝克勒尔/千克90锶和9.9贝克勒尔/千克钚。穆斯卢莫沃私人农场的牛奶和土豆的活度较低，90锶的活度范围在0.7贝克勒尔/千克至25贝克勒尔/千克之间。三个独立测量团队的结果显示出足够的一致性。一个俄罗斯实验室测得的钚活度比其他实验室的结果高出约20%。与国际切尔诺贝利项目不同的是，俄罗斯的分析中没有高估90锶的活度。因此，采用相同方法和质量控制获取的早期数据集的有效性可被视为进一步评估以及流行病学项目中剂量重建的宝贵依据。
