da Costa M S, Santos H, Galinski E A
Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 1998;61:117-53. doi: 10.1007/BFb0102291.
The accumulation of compatible solutes is a prerequisite for the adaptation of microorganisms to osmotic stress imposed by salt or organic solutes. Two types of strategies exist to cope with high external solute concentrations; one strategy is found in the extremely halophilic Archaea of the family Halobacteriaceae and the Bacteria of the order Haloanaerobiales involving the accumulation of inorganic ions. The other strategy of osmoadaptation involves the accumulation of specific organic solutes and is found in the vast majority of microorganisms. The organic osmolytes range from sugars, polyols, amino acids and their respective derivatives, ectoines and betaines. The diversity of these organic solutes has increased in the past few years as more organisms, especially thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Bacteria and Archaea, have been examined. The term compatible solute can also be applied to solutes that protect macromolecules and cells against stresses such as high temperature, desiccation and freezing. The mechanisms by which compatible solutes protect enzymes, cell components and cells are still a long way from being thoroughly elucidated, but there is a growing interest in the utilization of these solutes to protect macromolecules and cells from heating, freezing and desiccation.
相容性溶质的积累是微生物适应由盐或有机溶质施加的渗透胁迫的先决条件。存在两种应对高外部溶质浓度的策略；一种策略见于嗜盐古菌科的极端嗜盐古菌和嗜盐厌氧菌目的细菌，涉及无机离子的积累。另一种渗透适应策略涉及特定有机溶质的积累，见于绝大多数微生物。有机渗透物包括糖类、多元醇、氨基酸及其各自的衍生物、四氢嘧啶和甜菜碱。随着对更多生物体，特别是嗜热和超嗜热细菌及古菌的研究，这些有机溶质的多样性在过去几年有所增加。相容性溶质一词也可应用于保护大分子和细胞免受高温、干燥和冷冻等胁迫的溶质。相容性溶质保护酶、细胞成分和细胞的机制仍远未得到充分阐明，但人们对利用这些溶质保护大分子和细胞免受加热、冷冻和干燥的影响越来越感兴趣。
