Kidwell D A, Holland J C, Athanaselis S
Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 Aug 21;713(1):111-35. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00572-0.
The detection of marijuana, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, PCP, alcohol and nicotine in saliva and sweat is reviewed, with emphasis on forensic applications. The short window of detection and lower levels of drugs present compared to levels found in urine limits the applications of sweat and saliva screening for drug use determination. However, these matrices may be applicable for use in driving while intoxicated and surveying populations for illicit drug use. Although not an illicit drug, the detection of ethanol is reviewed because of its importance in driving under the influence. Only with alcohol may saliva be used to estimate blood levels and the degree of impairment because of the problems with oral contamination and drug concentrations varying depending upon how the saliva is obtained. The detection of nicotine and cotinine (from smoking tobacco) is also covered because of its use in life insurance screening and surveying for passive exposure.
本文综述了唾液和汗液中大麻、可卡因、阿片类药物、苯丙胺、苯二氮䓬类、巴比妥类、苯环利定、酒精和尼古丁的检测，重点是法医应用。与尿液中发现的药物水平相比，检测窗口期短且存在的药物水平较低，这限制了汗液和唾液筛查在确定药物使用方面的应用。然而，这些样本可能适用于检测酒后驾车以及调查人群中的非法药物使用情况。尽管乙醇不是非法药物，但由于其在影响驾驶方面的重要性，本文也对其检测进行了综述。只有酒精可以通过唾液来估计血液水平和损伤程度，因为存在口腔污染问题以及药物浓度会因唾液采集方式不同而有所变化。由于尼古丁和可替宁（来自吸烟）在人寿保险筛查和被动接触调查中的应用，本文也涵盖了它们的检测。
