Levine L, Sawka M N, Gonzalez R R
US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA.
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1998 Aug;59(8):557-62. doi: 10.1080/15428119891010730.
This article describes the basic evaluation process and test methodology employed when temperature extremes for clothing systems must be considered as part of the U.S. Army's Health Hazard Assessment for material in the development and acquisition process. The goals of the evaluation are to select clothing systems that minimize the hazards of heat strain and to predict the heat strain for persons wearing such clothing. Clothing evaluations begin with biophysical assessments that determine the thermal characteristics (vapor permeability and insulation) for textiles via guarded hot plate tests and for clothing systems via thermal manikin tests. The results from biophysical tests can be used to select the textile and/or clothing with the best thermal characteristics. The data from manikin evaluations also can be used in prediction modeling. Human physiological testing is best done in a controlled laboratory environment, although for realism and user acceptability field trials may also be conducted. Proven test and measurement methods must be employed, and tests must control for confounding variables; subjects serve as their own controls, and test environment and procedures are consistent between trials. The process and test methodology described can be applied to the evaluation of civilian clothing systems as well as to the military systems for which they were developed.
本文介绍了在美国陆军对开发和采购过程中的材料进行健康危害评估时，将服装系统的极端温度视为一部分时所采用的基本评估过程和测试方法。评估的目标是选择能将热应激危害降至最低的服装系统，并预测穿着此类服装人员的热应激情况。服装评估始于生物物理评估，通过防护热板测试确定纺织品的热特性（透湿性和隔热性），通过热人体模型测试确定服装系统的热特性。生物物理测试的结果可用于选择具有最佳热特性的纺织品和/或服装。人体模型评估的数据也可用于预测建模。人体生理测试最好在受控的实验室环境中进行，不过为了保证真实性和用户接受度，也可进行现场试验。必须采用经过验证的测试和测量方法，测试必须控制混杂变量；受试者作为自身对照，各次试验之间的测试环境和程序要保持一致。所描述的过程和测试方法可应用于民用服装系统的评估，也可应用于其为之开发的军事系统的评估。
