The effects of image manipulation on automated karyotyping.

Karyotyping is one of the standard tools for human genetic investigations. Karyotyping involves the classification and interpretation of chromosomes found in a metaphase spread. As part of the automated karyotyping process, image manipulation is required for appropriately positioning metaphase spread chromosomes in their corresponding karyotype. Image manipulation, specifically image rotation, reorganizes the grey-level information within chromosomes to facilitate analysis. Statistical tests are performed to compare features related to banding pattern and length between unmanipulated chromosomes and corresponding rotated chromosomes. Based on experimental results, reorganizing the grey-level information yields statistically different chromosome features. Depending on the purpose of chromosome image analysis, the interpretation process of karyotyping could be impaired with chromosome feature distortion due to image rotation.