Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy: a case series and review of the literature.

This study was conducted to evaluate the role of antepartum laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Patients who underwent LC were identified from a hospital database with the use of CPT/ICD codes. Of 2093 cases performed at a major center (October 1991 to November 1997), only six were performed during pregnancy. On reviewing the English literature, gestational age at surgery and delivery and outcome of delivery were provided in only 69 of 105 patients (33 papers with 1-10 cases) and we tabulated different variables from the cases in this review. In this series, two patients who had LC in the first trimester underwent elective termination of pregnancy. Of the seven published cases of first trimester LC followed to delivery, one had preterm delivery. First trimester open cholecystectomy (OC) has a 12 percent spontaneous abortion rate. The four patients who had second trimester LC had normal deliveries at term. Of the 43 published cases of second trimester LC followed to delivery, 39 ended in uncomplicated, full-term deliveries. Three of four second trimester cases at one institution had spontaneous abortions. None of our patients underwent LC in the third trimester. Of the 12 published cases of third trimester LC followed to delivery, one had preterm delivery. Third trimester OC is reported to have a 40 percent rate of preterm delivery. There were no intraoperative cholangiograms (IOC), prophylactic or postoperative use of tocolytics, or intraoperative fetal monitoring in our series. We added six cases of LC during pregnancy to the previously reported 105 cases. The successful outcome in all trimesters suggests that LC is a safe procedure throughout pregnancy; however, surgery in the second trimester is preferable. Compared with OC, there is a decreased risk of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester and preterm labor in the third trimester.