Stubbs R J, Johnstone A M, Harbron C G, Reid C
The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Sep;22(9):885-92. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800676.
This study examined the effects of varying the energy density (ED) of high carbohydrate (HC) diets on food and energy intake (EI), subjective hunger and body weight in humans.
Randomised cross-over design. Subjects were each studied twice during 14 d, throughout which they had ad libitum access to one of two covertly-manipulated diets.
Six healthy men (mean age (s.d.)=32.17 y s.d. (5.26 y), mean weight=69.74 kg s.d. (2.75 kg), mean height=1.76 m s.d. (0.05 m), body mass index (BMI)=22.57 (2.2) kg/m2) were studied. The fat, carbohydrate (CHO) and protein content (as % energy) and ED of each diet were 21:66:13% and 357 kJ/100 g, (low-energy density (LED)) or 22:66:12% and 629 kJ/100 g (high-energy density (HED)). A medium fat diet was provided at maintenance (1.6 x BMR, MF for 2 d) before each ad libitum period. Subjects could alter the amount, but not the composition of foods eaten.
Mean EI was 8.67 and 14.82 MJ/d on the LED and HED diets, respectively. Subjects felt significantly more hungry on the LED diet, than on the HED diet (F(1,160)38.28; P < 0.001) and found the diets to be similarly pleasant (72.72 mm vs 71.54 mm (F(1,392)0.31; P = 0.579)). Mean body weight decreased on the LED diet at a rate of 0.1 kg/d and increased at 0.06 kg/d on the HED diet (F(1,131)86.60; P < 0.001), giving total weight changes of -1.41 kg and +0.84 kg, respectively, both of which were significantly different from zero (P < 0.01).
Excess EI is possible on HC, HED diets, at least under conditions where diet selection is precluded. Comparison of these results with previous studies, which altered ED using fat, suggests that CHO may be a better cue for hunger than fat.
本研究探讨了改变高碳水化合物（HC）饮食的能量密度（ED）对人体食物摄入量、能量摄入量（EI）、主观饥饿感和体重的影响。
随机交叉设计。在14天内，每位受试者接受两次研究，在此期间，他们可以随意选择两种经暗中调配的饮食之一。
研究了6名健康男性（平均年龄（标准差）=32.17岁（标准差5.26岁），平均体重=69.74千克（标准差2.75千克），平均身高=1.76米（标准差0.05米），体重指数（BMI）=22.57（2.2）千克/平方米）。每种饮食的脂肪、碳水化合物（CHO）和蛋白质含量（以能量百分比计）以及ED分别为21:66:13%和357千焦/100克（低能量密度（LED））或22:66:12%和629千焦/100克（高能量密度（HED））。在每个随意进食期之前，提供维持量的中等脂肪饮食（1.6×基础代谢率，MF，持续2天）。受试者可以改变所吃食物的量，但不能改变其成分。
LED饮食和HED饮食的平均EI分别为8.67和14.82兆焦/天。与HED饮食相比，受试者在LED饮食时感到明显更饥饿（F(1,160)=38.28；P<0.001），并且发现两种饮食同样令人愉悦（分别为72.72毫米和71.54毫米（F(1,392)=0.31；P=0.579））。LED饮食时平均体重以每天0.1千克的速度下降，HED饮食时以每天0.06千克的速度增加（F(1,131)=86.60；P<0.001），总体体重变化分别为-1.41千克和+0.84千克，两者均与零有显著差异（P<0.01）。
至少在排除饮食选择的条件下，高碳水化合物、高能量密度饮食可能导致能量摄入过量。将这些结果与之前使用脂肪改变能量密度的研究进行比较，表明碳水化合物可能比脂肪更能提示饥饿感。
