Stelmach-Mardas M, Iqbal K, Mardas M, Schwingshackl L, Walkowiak J, Tower R J, Boeing H
Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jun;71(6):718-722. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.229. Epub 2016 Nov 30.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There is evidence which suggests that sleep behavior and dietary intake are interlinked. Thus, we investigated whether a seasonal rhythm in food-energy density exists, and how this relates to quality of sleep.
SUBJECTS/METHODS: Two hundred and thirty adult volunteers were investigated across the four seasons. Anthropometrical measurements were obtained and The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used for an assessment of sleep quality and disturbances. The dietary intake was evaluated using a 24 h dietary recall. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate seasonal changes in energy density and sleep quality, as well as the association of energy density with sleep quality. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, occupation and shift-work.
Mean food energy density was significantly higher in winter as compared with other seasons (P<0.05), although no seasonal variations were observed in macronutrient intake (fat and protein). Overall, the sleep quality was low (score value >5) in all seasons, with the lowest quality occurring in winter and the highest in spring (P<0.05). The components of sleep quality score showed that winter had statistically (P<0.05) poorer subjective sleep quality, sleep latency and sleep disturbances, but lower daytime dysfunction compared with spring and summer. After adjusting for seasonal effects (correlated outcome data) and shift-work, energy density was found to be inversely associated (P<0.0001) with sleep quality.
An inverse association between seasonal fluctuation of food energy density and sleep quality was found with winter time, associated with the intake of higher energy dense food products and the lowest sleep quality.
背景/目的：有证据表明睡眠行为与饮食摄入相互关联。因此，我们调查了食物能量密度是否存在季节性节律，以及这与睡眠质量有何关系。
受试者/方法：对230名成年志愿者进行了四季调查。测量了人体测量数据，并使用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评估睡眠质量和干扰情况。通过24小时饮食回顾评估饮食摄入量。使用广义估计方程来估计能量密度和睡眠质量的季节性变化，以及能量密度与睡眠质量之间的关联。所有分析均针对年龄、性别、教育程度、职业和轮班工作进行了调整。
与其他季节相比，冬季的平均食物能量密度显著更高（P<0.05），尽管在常量营养素摄入量（脂肪和蛋白质）方面未观察到季节性变化。总体而言，所有季节的睡眠质量都较低（得分值>5），冬季睡眠质量最低，春季最高（P<0.05）。睡眠质量得分的组成部分显示，与春季和夏季相比，冬季的主观睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期和睡眠干扰在统计学上（P<0.05）较差，但白天功能障碍较低。在调整了季节效应（相关结局数据）和轮班工作后，发现能量密度与睡眠质量呈负相关（P<0.0001）。
发现食物能量密度的季节性波动与睡眠质量之间存在负相关，冬季与摄入能量密度较高的食物产品以及最低的睡眠质量相关。
