Nowak M A, Sigmund K
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.
J Theor Biol. 1998 Oct 21;194(4):561-74. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1998.0775.
Richard Alexander has argued that moral systems derive from indirect reciprocity. We analyse a simple case of a model of indirect reciprocity based on image scoring. Discriminators provide help to those individuals who have provided help. Even if the help is never returned by the beneficiary, or by individuals who in turn have been helped by the beneficiary, discriminating altruism can be resistant against invasion by defectors. Indiscriminate altruists can invade by random drift, however, setting up a complex dynamical system. In certain situations, defectors can invade only if their invasion attempts are sufficiently rare. We also consider a model with incomplete information and obtain conditions for the stability of altruism which differ from Hamilton's rule by simply replacing relatedness with acquaintanceship.
理查德·亚历山大认为道德体系源自间接互惠。我们分析了一个基于形象评分的间接互惠模型的简单案例。辨别者会向那些提供过帮助的个体提供帮助。即便受益者从未回报过帮助，或者那些依次受到受益者帮助的个体也未回报，有辨别力的利他行为仍能抵御背叛者的入侵。然而，不加区分的利他者可能通过随机漂移入侵，从而建立起一个复杂的动态系统。在某些情况下，只有当背叛者的入侵尝试足够罕见时，他们才能成功入侵。我们还考虑了一个信息不完整的模型，并得出利他行为稳定性的条件，该条件与汉密尔顿法则不同，只需将亲缘关系替换为相识关系即可。
