On the logic of testing the independence assumption in the process-dissociation procedure.

The process-dissociation procedure is designed to provide quantitative estimates of the influence of explicit and implicit memory in a variety of tasks. The procedure relies on the assumption that these two forms of memory produce independent influences on performance. Prior investigators have attempted to test this assumption by determining whether the parameter representing the influence of implicit memory (denoted A) is constant across experimental conditions. I argue that the constancy of A cannot provide an appropriate test of the independence assumption, because (1) the prediction of constancy can be generated without the assumption of independence, obviating the need to posit independence; and (2) the constancy of A does not necessarily imply independence, even if one assumes that a dependency hypothesis, supplemented by ancillary assumptions (Curran & Hintzman, 1995), predicts differences in A. I close by emphasizing that we can test the independence assumption by using standard procedures that compare the fit of a model that assumes independence with the fit of a model that assumes dependence.