Peck J W
J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1978 Jun;92(3):555-70. doi: 10.1037/h0077474.
Normal adult rats lived on powdered diets adulterated to contain as much as 1.6% quinine sulfate, on a palatable high-fat diet, or in Skinner boxes with 45-mg Noyes pellets available on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules as high as FR 156. They maintained lower body weights over periods of months in proportion to the percentage of quinine adulteration or the fixed ratio. Rats exposed to the high-fat diet overate as much and gained weight as rapidly as rats recovering from food deprivation, and became moderately obese. Rats having become lean or obese contingent on the palatability or accessibility of their diet defended body weight by eating more in the cold, less when force-fed by gavage, and more to restore weight after food deprivation. Yet on chow they restored and defended body weights typical of rats whose diet had been confined to commercially prepared chow. These results are interpreted to be inconsistent with motivational models that rigidly distinguish drive from incentive, that treat body weight changes as evidence for failure to regulate energy balance or body weight, or that rely exclusively on deprivation of food or reduction of body weight for definitions of need for calories. Instead, caloric homeostasis in rats may incorporate ecological constraints.
正常成年大鼠食用掺杂了高达1.6%硫酸奎宁的粉状饲料、可口的高脂饲料，或饲养在斯金纳箱中，箱内有45毫克诺伊斯颗粒，按照高达固定比率（FR）156的固定比率供应。在数月时间里，它们的体重下降幅度与奎宁掺杂百分比或固定比率成正比。食用高脂饲料的大鼠食量和体重增加速度与从食物剥夺中恢复的大鼠一样多且快，并且变得中度肥胖。因饮食的适口性或可获取性而变瘦或变胖的大鼠，会通过在寒冷时多吃、强制灌胃时少吃以及在食物剥夺后多吃来恢复体重，从而维持体重。然而，在喂食普通食物时，它们会恢复并维持与饮食仅限于商业制备普通食物的大鼠典型体重相符的体重。这些结果被解释为与动机模型不一致，这些模型严格区分驱力和诱因，将体重变化视为未能调节能量平衡或体重的证据，或者完全依赖食物剥夺或体重减轻来定义对卡路里的需求。相反，大鼠的热量稳态可能包含生态限制因素。
